活性炭纤维对水中酚类化合物的吸附特性

研究了活性炭纤维(actived carbon fiber,ACF)对模拟废水中苯酚、对氯苯酚、对硝基苯酚的吸附特性.采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对ACF的表面结构进行了表征.通过静态吸附试验,采用吸附热力学探讨了ACF对苯酚、对氯苯酚、对硝基苯酚模拟废水的机制,计算了有关的热力学函数.结果表明,ACF对它们的吸附速率很快,在酸性条件下吸附效果较好,相同条件下,去除率是苯酚(87%)<对氯苯酚(96%)<对硝基苯酚(99%).ACF对这3种物质的吸附都是自发的放热反应,属于物理吸附.吸附等温线能用Dubinin-Radushkevieh方程较好地拟合.     

我国纸包装废物产生特性和回收状况研究

纸包装被广泛应用于各个领域,消费量巨大,废物的产生量也巨大,但我国对其产生特性和回收体系研究较少。首先分析纸包装的生产量、消费量、废物产生量和回收量,指出我国纸包装废物回收率,远高于废纸的统计回收率;其次,综合分析纸包装废物的回收特性和回收体系状况,指出纸包装废物主要流向和关键环节;然后,对纸包装消费趋势进行预测,最后,提出纸包装废物回收存在的问题和对策措施。     

ICMS传感器防护技术研究

针对ICM传感器安装在飞机内部结构的特征和局部环境特点,提出了应用IMR21纳米复合涂料进行防护的初始方案,并采用加速腐蚀试验方法验证了其耐久性。结果表明,采用IMR21纳米复合保护的传感器安装部位未出现明显的腐蚀失效现象,但传感器引线部位存在一定的原始制造工艺缺陷。在载荷作用下固定传感器引线的硅胶易产生裂纹,致使腐蚀介质易渗入引线焊点处引起焊点腐蚀,导致个别传感器不能正常工作。为此,提出了传感器引线部位细节防腐改进措施,其有效性通过了加速腐蚀试验验证。     

Removal of fluoride from water using titanium-based adsorbents

Three adsorbents including TiO₂, Ti-Ce, and Ti-La hybrid oxides were prepared to remove fluoride from aqueous solution. The Ti-Ce and Ti-La hybrid adsorbents obtained by the hydrolysis-precipitation method had much higher sorption capacity for fluoride than the TiO₂ adsorbent prepared through hydrolysis. Rare earth (Ce and La) oxides and TiO₂ exhibited a synergistic effect in the hybrid adsorbents for fluoride sorption. The sorption equilibrium of fluoride on the three adsorbents was achieved within 4 h, and the pseudo-second-order model described the sorption kinetics well. The sorption isotherms fitted the Langmuir model well, and the adsorption capacities of fluoride on the Ti-Ce and Ti-La adsorbents were about 9.6 and 15.1 mg·g⁻¹, respectively, at the equilibrium fluoride concentration of 1.0 mg·L⁻¹, much higher than the 1.7 mg·g⁻¹ on the TiO₂. The sorption capacities of fluoride on the three adsorbents decreased significantly when the solution pH increased from 3 to 9.5. The electrostatic interaction played an important role in fluoride removal by the three adsorbents, and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis indicated that the hydroxyl groups on the adsorbent surface were involved in fluoride adsorption.     

Experimental study on drying and moisture re-adsorption kinetics of an Indonesian low rank coal

The drying kinetics of an Indonesian low rank coal and moisture re-adsorption of the dried coal using a thermobalance and a climatic chamber were investigated. Results show that the drying kinetics is best represented by two stages, as a constatnt rate stage followed by a rate decay stage. The water removal rate is dependent mainly on drying temperature and coal sample size. The apparent activation energy (E) of drying was 26.58 kJ/mol. A rate equation for drying of the coal was obtained from the experimental data. The moisture re-adsorption rate was dependent on drying temperature, coal particle size, and relative humidity of the atmosphere.     

EDTA催化Fe3+/H2O2降解水中孔雀石绿

以孔雀石绿(malachite green, MG)为目标物,在pH=7的中性条件下,考察EDTA对Fe3 /H2O2降解水中孔雀石绿的影响,发现EDTA很大程度地促进了Fe3 /H2O2对孔雀石绿的降解. EDRA的加入可以使MG的脱色率由43%升至98.3%.在本实验条件下, EDTA的投加量增加5倍时, MG的脱色率上升40%.随着H2O2投量的增加, MG的脱色率显著上升.随着温度的升高, MG的脱色率显著上升.叔丁醇的加入抑制了EDTA对Fe3 /H2O2降解孔雀石绿的催化效果.总量相同H2O2的多次投加并未获得明显优于一次投加的去除效果. EDTA催化Fe3 /H2O2降解水中孔雀石绿并不遵循简单的羟基自由基机理,同时存在的中间价态铁的物种起着主要的氧化作用.随着反应的进行, EDTA被部分降解.     

硝基苯污染底质的微生物强化修复研究

采用从污染底质中分离出的可降解硝基苯的恶臭假单胞菌,对硝基苯污染底质的微生物强化修复进行了实验室和现场实验研究.该细菌在未灭菌的河水中可以硝基苯为唯一碳源生长,低温条件下(5℃),对于100g的含有11.8mg/kg硝基苯的污染底质,投加2mL(107cells/mL)菌液可以在4d完全降解底质中的硝基苯,实现对污染底质的强化修复.该过程中无须投加额外的氮、磷及其他的营养盐,说明污染底质中含有足够的细菌生长所需的营养物质.在使用河水和底质的现场实验中,当底质和河水中的硝基苯初始浓度在7～8mg/kg,50～61mg/L之间时,投加硝基苯降解菌可使底质和河水中硝基苯的降解时间缩短了40h以上,河水中的硝基苯先于底质中的硝基苯被细菌所降解.     

腐殖酸以及共存阳离子对膨润土吸附废水中铅离子的影响

研究了钠基膨润土的理化性质及其对水中铅离子的吸附作用,考查了pH值、共存阳离子浓度、腐殖酸浓度对铅离子吸附的影响,结果表明,钠基膨润土对水中铅离子有较好的吸附效果.铅离子在膨润土上的吸附量随pH值的升高而增加,随共存阳离子浓度的升高而减少,随腐殖酸浓度的升高而增加.从热力学角度探讨了吸附机理,发现钠基膨润土对铅离子的吸附量随温度升高而增大,并且吸附等温线符合Freundlich模型.计算了相关的吸附热力学函数:△H=0.9594kJ/mol, △S=16.611 3kJ/(mol·K).     

异养硝化-好氧反硝化菌WXZ-8的脱氮产物N_2O和N_2研究

研究了异养硝化-好氧反硝化菌WXZ-8(Bacillus cereus)的异养硝化性能,并采用GC-ECD(Gas Chromatography-Electron Capture Detector)、GC-TCD(Gas Chromatography-Thermal Conductivity Detector)方法分别测定了脱氮过程中的气体产物N2O和N2。为了改进密封反应的溶氧条件,采用纯氧密封摇瓶培养和空气密封摇瓶培养两个对照条件下进行培养。结果表明:(1)空气密封瓶实验条件下,WXZ-8产生的N2O为0.00945mg,N2为9.5005mg,分别占从水体中脱除的氮的0.047%和47.09%,另外,同化合成的氮含量占48.74%;(2)纯氧密封瓶实验条件下,WXZ-8产生的N2O为0.00463mg,N2为9.686mg,分别占从水体中脱除的氮的0.024%与49.57%,同样,同化合成的氮含量占49.23%。两组对照实验表明,WXZ-8菌是一株高效、产生低水平量N2O的性能良好的异养硝化-好氧反硝化菌,且纯氧培养条件更有利于控制N2O的逸出。     

pH对海绵铁过滤柱预处理染色废水的影响

通过滤柱考察了进水pH变化对海绵铁预处理染色废水的影响。研究结果表明,在pH为6、7、8、10时,过滤周期内脱色率都高于94%,出水pH大于7。与pH=6、7、8对比可知,在pH=10时,水头损失小,周期产水量高,出水含铁量低。海绵铁过滤柱活化后脱色率、周期产水量与活化前基本相同,出水pH比活化前低,出水铁含量相对较高。同时,通过扫描电镜图发现过滤柱内海绵铁腐蚀程度从上至下逐渐变小。