曝气池中的新文

本文着重阐述了当前设计、运行污水处理厂作好曝气池这篇文章的重要意义,并在短期的实际运行中取得了好效果。为中国石化总公司倡导的“优化水处理”作出了示范。     

厦门煤渣与粉煤灰开发应用可行性研讨

厦门的年耗煤量已突破 1 50万吨 ,煤渣与粉煤灰的出路是政府与公众所关注的问题。 1 986年与 1 996年相隔 1 0年的两次放射性水平监测与研究相互印证表明 ,厦门以煤渣砖为建材的建筑物 ,放射性水平低于砖混、砖木、泥木、花岗岩等类的建筑物。厦门煤渣与粉煤灰的核素含量 ,均低于《建筑材料用工业废渣放射性物质限制标准》,从而为厦门煤渣与粉煤灰的开发与推广应用提供了科学依据 ,指出了光明前景     

Heavy metal pollution in intertidal sediments from Quanzhou Bay, China

The concentrations of eight heavy metals （Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni, Hg, and As） in the intertidal surface sediments from Quanzhou Bay were determined to evaluate their levels and spatial distribution due to urbanization and economic development of Quanzhou region, southeast China. The ranges of the measured concentrations in the sediments are as follows： 24.8-119.7 mg/kg for Cu, 105.5-241.9 mg/kg for Zn, 34.3-100. 9 mg/kg for Pb, 0.28-0. 89 mg/kg for Cd, 51.1-121.7 mg/kg for Cr, 16.1-45.7 mg/kg for Ni, 0.17-0.74 mg/kg for Hg, and 17.7-30.2 mg/kg for As. The overall average concentrations of above metals exceed the primary standard criteria but meet the secondary standard criteria of the Chinese National Standard of Marine Sediment Quality. Several contents of Cu and Hg exceed the secondary standard criteria at some stations. The results of geoaccumulation index （Igeo） show that Cd causes strong pollution in most of the study area. There are no significant correlations among most of these heavy metals, indicating they have different anthropogenic and natural sources. Some locations present severe pollution by heavy metals depending on the sources, of which sewage outlets, aquatic breeding, and commercial ports are the main sources of contaminants to the area.     

京津冀地区城市臭氧污染趋势及原因探讨

采用Kolmogorov-Zurbenko(KZ)滤波分析了2013～2018年京津冀地区13个城市的臭氧最大日8h滑动平均(O₃-8h)序列,评估污染趋势并探讨原因.KZ滤波分离出的O₃-8h短期、季节和长期等3个分量分别占原始序列总方差的32.7%、63.9%和3.4%,各分量之间相互独立;以滤除了中短期过程影响的长期分量进行比较,京津冀地区远高于柏林、巴黎和伦敦等欧洲城市与美国洛杉矶20世纪90年代初和最近4年状况相当,普遍低于上海和南京等长三角主要城市.但是,2013～2018年京津冀地区各城市臭氧污染加剧显著,长期分量升高速率达2.31～7.12μg·(m³·a)^-1,均值为4.97μg·(m³·a)^-1,快于长三角地区.拟合结果提示臭氧浓度升高受气象条件影响不大(贡献比均值约为9.6%),主要由大气污染排放变化造成(90.4%),将该排放变化拆分为PM_2.5下降和臭氧前体物排放变化两项,其贡献比均值分别是27.3%和63....     

乌鞘岭南、北坡降水稳定同位素特征及水汽来源对比

为了揭示季风边缘区降水中稳定同位素特征及水汽来源,利用2016年10月至2017年10月采集的97个降水样品,采用相关分析和HYSPLIT模型,对乌鞘岭南、北坡降水稳定同位素的特征、大气水线方程、温度和降水量效应、水汽来源进行了对比分析.结果表明,南坡大气降水线的斜率与截距低于全球大气水线(GMWL)和北坡大气降水线;南、北坡的同位素温度效应和季节效应明显,但北坡的温度效应比南坡更为明显;除北坡夏季和南坡降水量小于5 mm时降水稳定同位素表现出微弱的降水量效应,南、北坡其它季节或其它降水量级均无明显的降水量效应;来自西北和北方的水汽占90%以上,北坡受季风水汽影响极少,南坡夏季会受到东南季风影响,局地水汽再循环对乌鞘岭南、北坡水汽也有贡献.本研究可提高对高寒山区降水同位素演化的认知,为寒旱区同位素水文学的进一步研究奠定基础.     

不同低碳氮比废水中好氧颗粒污泥的长期运行稳定性

为了研究好氧颗粒污泥系统处理低碳氮比废水的长期运行稳定性,采用低碳氮比(C/N)条件下逐步增加碳氮负荷的进水方法,分别在反应器A和B中接种好氧颗粒污泥,考察其长期运行过程中的理化性质、处理性能及应对冲击负荷的稳定性.其中A反应器的碳氮比一直维持在2,而B则由4逐步降至2.结果表明,在4℃存储30d的好氧颗粒污泥,经过25d的培养,其活性基本恢复,A、B反应器化学需氧量(COD)和氨氮(NH⁺₄-N)的去除效率均达到90%以上.在其后的稳定阶段,B反应器COD和NH⁺₄-N去除率达到90%以上,实现了完全硝化;而A反应器COD去除率仅80%左右,虽然NH⁺₄-N去除率最终也达到90%以上,但仅实现短程硝化.在冲击负荷阶段,A和B反应器COD去除率仍维持在80%以上,但是NH⁺₄-N去除受到很大冲击.A反应器NH⁺₄-N去除效率恶化,B反应器仅实现了部分硝化.整个运行过程,...     

杭州市大气PM2.5和PM10污染特征及来源解析

2006年在杭州市两个环境受体点位采集不同季节大气中PM_2.5和PM₁₀样品,同时采集了多种颗粒物源类样品,分析了其质量浓度和多种化学成分,包括21种无机元素、5种无机水溶性离子以及有机碳和元素碳等,并据此构建了杭州市PM_2.5和PM₁₀的源与受体化学成分谱;用化学质量平衡(CMB)受体模型解析其来源。结果表明,杭州市PM_2.5和PM₁₀污染较严重,其年均浓度分别为77.5μg/m³和111.0μg/m³;各主要源类对PM_2.5的贡献率依次为机动车尾气尘21.6%、硫酸盐18.8%、煤烟尘16.7%、燃油尘10.2%、硝酸盐9.9%、土壤尘8.2%、建筑水泥尘4.0%、海盐粒子1.5%。各主要源类对PM₁₀贡献率依次为土壤尘17.0%、机动车尾气尘16.9%、硫酸盐14.3%、煤烟尘13.9%、硝酸盐粒8.2%、建筑水泥尘8.0%、燃油尘5.5%、海盐粒子3.4%、冶金尘3.2%。     

Extinction rate of discovered and undiscovered plants in Singapore

Extinction is a key issue in the assessment of global biodiversity. However, many extinction rate measures do not account for species that went extinct before they could be discovered. The highly developed island city–state of Singapore has one of the best-documented tropical floras in the world. This allowed us to estimate the total rate of floristic extinctions in Singapore since 1822 after accounting for sampling effort and crypto extinctions by collating herbaria records. Our database comprised 34,224 specimens from 2076 native species, of which 464 species (22%) were considered nationally extinct. We assumed that undiscovered species had the same annual per-species extinction rates as discovered species and that no undiscovered species remained extant. With classical and Bayesian algorithms, we estimated that 304 (95% confidence interval, 213–414) and 412 (95% credible interval, 313–534) additional species went extinct before they could be discovered, respectively; corresponding total extinction rate estimates were 32% and 35% (range 30–38%). We detected violations of our 2 assumptions that could cause our extinction estimates, particularly the absolute numbers, to be biased downward. Thus, our estimates should be treated as lower bounds. Our results illustrate the possible magnitudes of plant extirpations that can be expected in the tropics as development continues.     

新时期加强高校消防安全责任制落实的对策研究——以华中地区部分高校为例

为了深入探究当前高校消防安全责任制落实情况,本文通过文献梳理、问卷调查等研究方法,对华中地区20所高校进行问卷调查,调查显示当前高校消防安全责任制落实方面存在消防安全责任制管理机制不健全、二级单位责任制落实缺乏主动性和有效性、责任制落实缺乏量化考核机制以及宣传有效性不够等问题,并有针对性地就如何加强高校消防安全责任制落实提出对策及建议。