傍河型渗渠取水水质安全评价研究——以海浪河某水源地为例

在一些特殊的河段或地形条件下,渗渠取水在供水安全保障方面发挥着重要作用。运用内梅罗污染指数法对海浪河某傍河型渗渠水源地附近的河水水质、渗渠运行期间的渗渠水水质,以及渗渠停用后渗渠周围地下水水质进行了对比分析,结果表明,渗渠运行期间河水的水质综合评分在1~2之间(Ⅱ类水),同期的渗渠水水质综合评分在0.5左右(Ⅰ类水),在渗渠停用后周围地下水水质综合评分在2左右(Ⅲ类水);可见,渗渠水质优于河水。因此,在适宜地段合理布设渗渠,可进一步保障供水安全。     

K2FeO4氧化降解3,4－二甲基苯胺的机理研究

以3,4－二甲基苯胺为目标污染物,高铁酸钾（K₂FeO₄）为氧化剂,考察催化氧化过程中的表观动力学及反应机制,确定高铁酸钾降解3,4 －二甲基苯胺的表观动力学方程为：r=0.0043C_A^0.486C_B^1.2477,反应级数为1.7337,符合准二级动力学方程.同时通过GC/MS技术,分析降解过程的中间产物,推测在高铁酸钾的作用下,3,4－二甲基苯胺先转变成2,4－二甲基苯胺,然后苯环上的氨基及甲基先后被氧化,生成4－硝基间苯二甲酸,再发生脱羧反应,生成硝基苯,硝基苯被高铁酸钾进一步攻击,生成苯环正离子,其后开环生成一系列小分子烃类物质,这些物质继续被氧化,最终生成二氧化碳与水.推测该氧化还原过程的控制反应为两步：第一步,高铁酸钾攻击3,4－二甲基苯胺苯环上的侧链;第二步为苯环的开环反应.此降解过程主要包括表面络合催化与界面催化两种反应机制.     

硫化氢中毒事故统计分析及对策

选取2012-2016年国内外各行业发生的55起典型硫化氢中毒事故,从事故发生时间、事故板块、事故原因等方面,分析了硫化氢事故的特点,并有针对性地提出减少事故发生的对策措施,对硫化氢事故的预防具有现实意义。     

生物酶强化厌氧消化去除污泥中的PhACs

为降低污水污泥中药理活性化合物（PhACs）产生的环境风险,利用生物方法强化污泥厌氧消化,提高其去除效果.以CFA（氯贝酸）、TCS（三氯生）、DCF（双氯芬酸）、CBZ（卡马西平）4种典型的PhACs为目标污染物,利用气相色谱-质谱联用仪（GC-MS）定量分析污泥中的目标物,探究外加生物酶联合污泥厌氧消化法强化对PhACs的作用效果.结果表明,随着SRT（污泥停留时间）的增大,目标物的去除率有一定程度的增大,特别是在高温条件下,当SRT由7 d增至20 d时,CFA的去除率增长了45%;木瓜蛋白酶对中高温系统中CBZ的去除效果最佳,分别为63.8%和67.5%,同时对4种目标物总的去除率最高,分别为57.3%和61.8%;添加溶菌酶试验中,4种目标物去除效果差异较大,中温、高温系统中对TCS的去除效果最佳为81.7%和80.9%,去除效果最差的是CBZ,去除率为40.4%和33.5%;纤维素酶处理中,4种目标物的去除率均小于60%.混合生物酶试验中,高温条件下更易去除PhACs.研究显示,生物酶强化污泥厌氧消化能有效去除污水污泥中的PhACs.      

基于MIDAS模型中国碳排放量的实时预报与短期预测

随着全球气候变暖问题不断加重,二氧化碳排放量预测成为各国制定碳减排措施的核心问题.传统的二氧化碳排放量预测模型是基于同频数据进行的,高频数据必需处理为低频数据,这样不仅忽略了高频数据携带的有效信息,还影响了模型预测的及时性,降低了模型预测的精度.本文将混频数据抽样模型(MIDAS)用于碳排放量预测研究,分析了高频季度GDP滞后阶数变化效应及其对低频二氧化碳排放量的影响效应.研究结果表明,季度GDP对碳排放量具有正负两种效应,该效应会持续6个季度且以正效应为主,碳排放量自身之间也存在着相互影响,该影响会持续4年之久,这与中国的经济运行状况相吻合,说明混频数据抽样模型(MIDAS)对二氧化碳排放量预测的合理性.此外,混频数据抽样模型(MIDAS)在中国二氧化碳排放量的短期预测方面具有较高的预测精度,在实时预报方面具有显著的可行性和时效性.     

表面活性剂强化原位空气扰动修复实验研究——影响区域及气流分布变化规律

应用一种改进的二维气流可视化装置来研究影响区域（ZOI）内不同介质（粗砂和砾石）和表面活性剂（SDBS）的添加对影响区域以及气流分布规律的影响.结果表明：相同曝气流量下,同种介质中表面活性剂的投加会增大曝气压力.表面活性剂的添加极大地提高了空气饱和度,但在不同介质中作用机理不同.当曝气流量为1000 L/h时,表面活性剂的添加使得粗砂介质（孔道流）和砾石介质（鼓泡流）ZOI的面积分别增大了21.8%和5.2%.这说明在一定粒径范围内,介质粒径越细,表面活性剂的添加对ZOI面积的增加越明显.相同曝气流量下,表面活性剂的添加使粗砂介质中气流分布范围变大且气流分布曲线相对平缓,而砾石介质中气流分布范围不变且气流分布曲线相对陡峭;不同曝气流量下ZOI内气流分布表现出明显的相似性.     

Preparation and characterization of a novel hybrid chelating material for effective adsorption of Cu(Ⅱ) and Pb(Ⅱ)

The discharge of heavy metal ions such as Cu~2+and Pb~2+poses a severe threat to public health and the environment owing to their extreme toxicity and bioaccumulation through food chains Herein, we report a novel organic–inorganic hybrid adsorbent, Al(OH)_3-poly(acrylamide dimethyldiallylammonium chloride)-graft-dithiocarbamate(APD), for rapid and effectiv removal of Cu~2+and Pb~2+. In this adsorbent, the "star-like" structure of Al(OH)3 poly(acrylamide-dimethyldiallylammonium chloride) served as the support of dithiocarbamat(DTC) functional groups for easy access of heavy metal ions and assisted development of larg and compact floccules. The synthesized adsorbent was characterized by scanning electron microscopy(SEM), transmission electron microscopy(TEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR), and thermogravimetric analysis(TGA). APD was demonstrated to hav rapid adsorption kinetics with an initial rate of 267.379 and 2569.373 mg/(g·min) as well a superior adsorption capacities of 317.777 and 586.699 mg/g for Cu~2+and Pb~2+respectively. Th adsorption process was spontaneous and endothermic, involving intraparticle diffusion and chemical interaction between heavy metal ions and the functional groups of APD. To assess it versatility and wide applicability, APD was also used in turbid heavy metal wastewater, and performed well in removing suspended particles and heavy metal ions simultaneously through flocculation and chelation. The rapid, convenient and effective adsorption of Cu~2+and Pb~2+give APD great potential for heavy metal decontamination in industrial applications.     

Occupational exposure assessment of phthalate esters in indoor and outdoor microenvironments

Phthalate esters(PAEs) are widely used as plasticizers in consumer products. PAEs are a group of environmental hormone which disrupts human and animals' endocrine systems. Different occupational groups are exposed to various levels of PAEs. In the present study, four typical occupational groups were chosen, including doctors, college teachers, college students, and drivers who worked in public traffic system. In order to understand the exposure levels to PAEs via inhalation, air samples were collected from multiple microenvironments including indoor and outdoor in Hangzhou to measure the gas and particle concentrations of six PAEs, together with time spent in different microenvironments of these four groups. A comprehensive PAEs exposure model was built to estimate the daily PAEs exposure through inhalation, oral and dermal pathways. The Monte Carlo simulation results show that doctors were exposed to the highest level of PAEs, and consequently had the highest health risk among these four occupational groups. In contrast, college students had the lowest health risk. By setting the exposure level of staying in residences as the baseline, doctors and drivers were two occupations exposed to high PAEs health risk. Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate(DEHP) was the largest contributor among the six phthalates, posing moderate health risk(10-5–10-6) to every occupation. For traffic microenvironments alone, the total exposure levels for different transportation modes were in the descending order of busses, cars, cabs, tubes, motor bikes, and walking.     

Assessment of Potential Capability of Water Bamboo Leaves on the Adsorption Removal Efficiency of Cationic Dye from Aqueous Solutions

Removal of toxic pollutants from water and wastewater is becoming an important process with the increase of industrial activities. The present study focused on assessing the suitability and efficiency of water bamboo leaves (WBL) for the removal of cationic dye from aqueous solutions. The effect of different variables in the batch method including solution pH (2–12), initial dye concentration (50–250 mg L^?1), adsorbent dose (0.05–0.30 g), contact time (5–180 min) and temperature (283–333 K) on the dye removal was investigated. The adsorption kinetics was discussed in view of four kinetics models. The results showed that the pseudo-second-order kinetics model described dye adsorption on WBL very well. The experimental equilibrium data were also tested by four isotherm models. It was found that adsorption of dye on WBL fitted well with the Langmuir isotherm model, implying the binding energy on the whole surface of the adsorbent was uniform and the dye molecules onto the surface of the adsorbent were monolayer coverage. Calculation of various thermodynamic parameters of the adsorption process indicated feasibility and exothermic nature of dye adsorption.     

2,6-二甲基-β-环糊精螯合强化葎草对Pb吸收的影响和机理

采用盆栽试验研究了EDTA、2,6-二甲基-β-环糊精对Pb污染土壤上葎草生长及Pb积累特性的影响.土壤中硝酸铅含量分别为0、600和1200 mg·kg~(-1),螯合剂的含量为硝酸铅含量的0.5倍和1.0倍.结果表明:EDTA和2,6-二甲基-β-环糊精对Pb离子均有显著増溶作用,且二者之间没有差异;EDTA对葎草的生长有轻微抑制作用,而2,6-二甲基-β-环糊精与对照没有差异,原因可能是形成了Pb-2,6-二甲基-β-环糊精络合物降低了Pb的毒性;EDTA和2,6-二甲基-β-环糊精都显著促进了葎草根、茎、叶部对Pb离子的吸收.EDTA处理的葎草在硝酸铅含量为600mg·kg~(-1),螯合剂浓度为0.9 mmol·L~(-1)时,转移率达到最大值1.34,而2,6-二甲基-β-环糊精的转移率最大值为0.36.虽然2,6-二甲基-β-环糊精的转移率较低,但由于葎草的生物量大,2,6-二甲基-β-环糊精可以作为葎草提取修复的一种新型螯合剂,葎草也可用作植物提取修复的参考植物.由于2,6-二甲基-β-环糊精具有独特的“内疏水,外亲水”结构,推测其促进葎草吸收转移Pb的机理可能是会以Pb-2,6-二甲基-β-环糊精络合物的溶解物形式在葎草的质外体通道中移动,进入木质部,最终通过蒸腾流的驱动转运至地上部.