16种农药对东亚小花蝽的生态风险评估

东亚小花蝽是我国北方林木、果园和农田的优势天敌昆虫。为评估常用化学农药对东亚小花蝽的毒害作用,首次测定了16种田间常用化学农药对东亚小花蝽的24 h急性接触毒性,并进行了生态风险评估。结果表明所试除草剂、杀菌剂和杀虫剂中的吡蚜酮对东亚小花蝽较为安全,3倍田间最高推荐剂量下的校正死亡率低于33.33%。阿维菌素、甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐、吡虫啉和啶虫脒对东亚小花蝽的半数致死浓度LC0分别为36.567、15.798、4.992和4.487 mg a.i.·L~(-1)5,农田内风险可接受。噻虫嗪、联苯菊酯和呋虫胺对东亚小花蝽的LC_(50)分别为0. 002、0. 080和0. 968 mg a. i.·L~(-1),农田内危害商值分别为3 976.36、69.03和16.93,在农田内对东亚小花蝽造成的风险均不可接受。本研究的结果有助于合理施用化学农药以保护和利用东亚小花蝽。     

Preparation of ceria-zirconia solid solution with enhanced oxygen storage capacity and redox performance

A new method called ultrasonic-assisted membrane reaction (UAMR) was reported for the fabrication of ceria-zirconia solid solution. A series of ceria-zirconia solid solutions with different Ce/Zr molar ratios were prepared by the UAMR method and characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), N₂ adsorption, hydrogen temperature-programmed reduction (H₂-TPR), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) techniques. The UAMR method proved to be superior, especially when the Ce/Zr molar ratio was lower than 1, in fabricating ceria-zirconia solid solutions with large BET surface area, high oxygen storage capacity (OSC), and low reduction temperature.     

储油条件下拱顶油罐的油气爆炸实验

为研究储油条件下拱顶油罐油气爆炸的发展过程,设计了中尺度拱顶油罐油气爆炸实验台架,并完成了储油条件下油罐油气爆炸试验。实验结果表明:储油条件下油气爆炸会导致罐顶破坏,超压发展分为多个阶段,并出现强烈的超压振荡和二次爆炸现象,最大超压由二次爆炸所产生;爆炸最大超压随着初始油气体积分数的降低而升高;在储油条件下,油罐油气爆炸后会诱导产生二次爆炸现象,第2次爆炸超压峰值和升压速率均远大于第1次爆炸的数值,且二次爆炸对外场的影响更加明显;火焰强度随时间的变化曲线具有2个明显的峰值,其形成原因分别为第1次爆炸和第2次爆炸。     

Nanosilver impact on methanogenesis and biogas production from municipal solid waste

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs, nanosilver) released from industrial activities and consumer products may be disposed directly or indirectly in sanitary landfills. To determine the impact of AgNPs on anaerobic digestion of landfill waste, municipal solid waste (MSW) was loaded in identical landfill bioreactors (9L volume each) and exposed to AgNPs (average particle size=21nm) at the final concentrations of 0, 1, and 10mgAg/kg solids. The landfill anaerobic digestion was carried out for more than 250 days, during which time the cumulative biogas production was recorded automatically and the chemical property changes of leachates were analyzed. There were no significant differences in the cumulative biogas volume or gas production rate between the groups of control and 1mgAg/kg. However, landfill solids exposed to AgNPs at 10mg/kg resulted in the reduced biogas production, the accumulation of volatile fatty acids (including acetic acid), and the prolonged period of low leachate pH (between 5 and 6). Quantitative PCR results after day 100 indicated that the total copy numbers of 16S rRNA gene of methanogens in the groups of control and 1mgAgNPs/kg were 1.97±0.21×10(7) and 0.90±0.03×10(7), respectively. These numbers were significantly reduced to 5.79±2.83×10(5)(copies/mL) in the bioreactor treated with 10mgAgNPs/kg. The results suggest that AgNPs at the concentration of 1mg/kg solids have minimal impact on landfill anaerobic digestion, but a concentration at 10mg/kg or higher inhibit methanogenesis and biogas production from MSW.     

滑动弧放电等离子体杀菌的研究进展

在介绍现有杀菌方法及其局限性的基础上提出滑动弧放电等离子体杀菌技术,阐述滑动弧放电等离子体产生的基本原理,介绍了基本的反应装置及其发展情况;探讨此技术在杀菌方面的研究进展,并从紫外线、臭氧、NO.和.OH自由基、H2O2等角度出发对杀菌机理进行了分析。最后对该项技术在杀菌领域的应用与发展提出了建议及展望。     

可见光下氮掺杂二氧化钛对有机污染物的降解动力学研究

温和条件下以碳酸铵为氮源,采用溶胶凝胶法制备氮掺杂二氧化钛粉末,以XRD、UV-Vis漫反射吸收光谱以及BET等手段对掺杂二氧化钛进行了表征。通过吸附等温线的计算以及可见光催化活性的测定,考察了氮掺杂二氧化钛对巯基苯并噻唑的降解动力学。结果显示,实验范围内所制备的样品均为锐钛矿相,样品粒径随N／Ti配比的增加而增大;氮的掺杂产生更多的孔结构和多样孔型,增大了光催化剂对有机物的吸附能力,且氮的掺杂增强了二氧化钛在可见光区的光吸收。通过Langmuir-Hinshelwood积分动力学模型对表观速率常数、吸附平衡常数及反应速率常数的分析,表明氦的掺杂有效地改善了二氧化钛的可见光活性,其中吸附能力的增大对表观速率常数的提高有更显著的贡献。     

谈安全评价及其方法

概括了安全评价的定义和作用,详细地论述了两种定量的安全评价方法——指数法和概率法,简单介绍了我国安全评价工作的发展和存在的问题。     

矿井风险评价基本模型研究与探讨

提出风险的绝对值和相对值的概念,探讨了如何合成事故发生可能性和事故后果严重程度这两个指标,如何确定多个评价单元的评价对象的风险等级划分等问题。     

典型地铁站的污染物扩散全尺寸试验研究

为全面了解地铁站内有毒有害气体的扩散发展规律,选取北京某地铁站开展了全尺寸实地扩散试验.利用三维超声波风速仪和多通道风速仪对机械通风工况下的站内流场进行监测,并对其气流组织形式进行分析;采用六氟化硫（SF₆）释放、时序采集和离线检测的方法,研究重气的传输速度和扩散范围等扩散与沉降规律,以期为地铁站内人员疏散路径规划提供数据支撑.结果表明：该地铁站在机械通风工况下,会形成一个较为规律的主流场,将其划分为相对独立的东、西两个区域,污染气体SF₆只能在释放源所处的气流顺向区域内流动,反向区域多个监测点SF₆均未检出;重气在扩散时会出现明显的沉降现象,SF₆浓度由2.5 m处的25 ppm分别升高至1.6 m处的180 ppm和0.5 m处的300ppm,且易于在楼梯、边缘等位置的地面积累从而形成局部高浓度区域,浓度可高达300 ppm以上;少量气体可以通过楼梯进入上层站厅,但浓度总体低于75 ppm,难以进一步由出入口扩散至站外地面;应急处置时,需要尽快将乘客向上层或气流反向区域疏散.