重金属污染土壤和地下水电动修复技术研究

土壤和地下水与我们人类息息相关。近些年随着工业的发展,土壤和地下水的重金属污染已经成为当今世界广泛关注的问题,人们致力于研究土壤和重金属的修复技术。电动修复技术作为一种新兴的绿色技术,因其高效、节能、无二次污染,具有很好的发展前景。目前国外对电动修复技术研究已初有成果,我国在这方面的研究还处于刚起步阶段。通过查阅国内外大量文献,对电动修复技术的原理、研究概况、技术优势及缺点进行论述,为进一步研究电动修复技术提供理论依据。     

对生物入侵的认识与思考

由于全球化的生产、消费和投资模式迅速地在世界范围内得到强化和发展,世界开始迅速变成一个村落或城市。全球化不仅带来了世界政治和经济格局的变化,而且也改变了生物分布的空间格局,导致生物种群的重新分布,由此而产生的生物入侵已成为各国政府、国际社会和学术界所共同关心的全球变化问题,也是当前最棘手的三大环境问题之一。本文从生物入侵的本质、生物入侵的历史、科学技术、全球化等方面,从哲学和其它角度浅析当今的生物入侵问题,以期对生物入侵有更深的认识。     

Anaerobic treatment of wastewater containing methanol in upflow anaerobic sludge bed (UASB) reactor

The direct conversion of methanol into methane is the main process in anaerobic treatment of methanol containing wastewater. However, acetic acid can also be produced from methanol theoretically, which may probably result in an abrupt pH drop and deteriorate the anaerobic process. Therefore, it is interesting to know what would really happen in an anaerobic reactor treating methanol wastewater. In this study, an up-flow anaerobic sludge bed (UASB) reactor treating methanol wastewater was operated. The chemical oxygen demand (COD), acetic acid and pH of the effluent were monitored at different loadings and influent alkalinity. The results showed that the anaerobic reactor could be operated steadily at as low as 119 mg/L of influent alkalinity and high organic loading rate with no obvious pH drops. Volatile fatty acids accumulation was not observed even at strong shock loadings. The microorganisms in the sludge at the end of the test became homogeneous in morphology, which were mainly spherical or spheroidal in shape. __________ Translated from China Water & Wastewater, 2006, 22(13): 42–44,48 [译自: 中国给水排水]     

Effect of excessive cadmium chloride on the plasmids of E. coli HB 101 in vivo

１ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＣａｄｍｉｕｍｉｓｏｎｅｏｆｉｍｐｏｒｔａｎｔｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔａｌｐｏｌｕｔａｎｔｓ．Ｉｔｉｓｖｅｒｙｔｏｘｉｃｔｏｂｉｏｌｏｇｙ（Ｂａｒｂｅｒ，１９９４；Ｃｏｌａｒｄ，１９９０；Ｇｏｙｅｒ，１９９５；Ｎａｓｓｉｒｉ，...     

网状聚合物冠醚对重金属离子的吸附性能

以Hg（NO3）2、Cu（NO3）2水溶液为模拟工业废水，以侧链具N、S配位基的网状聚合物冠醚为吸附剂，研究了聚合物冠醚对HP(2＋)、Cu(2＋)的吸附性能。讨论了溶液温度、pH值、金属离子浓度及时间对吸附性能的影响，该聚合物冠醚对Hg(2＋)具有较高的吸附容量和较快的吸附速度。     

一起内浮顶罐爆炸事故的故障树分析

介绍了内浮顶罐防腐作业时发生的爆炸事故,进行了故障树分析,结合故障树最小割集对基本事件进行了深入分析,表明非防爆喷漆的电火花是这次事故的点火源,提出了防止类似事故的措施。     

浅谈持久性有机物的特性、危害及对策

持久性污染物对人类的生存威胁已经引起了国际社会的广泛关注。持久性有机污染物指的是持久存在于环境中,具有很长的半衰期,且能通过食物网积聚,并对人类健康及环境造成不利影响的有机化学物质。随着中国经济的发展,难降解的持久性有机物污染开始显现。国际上签署了〈关于持久性有机污染物的斯德哥尔摩公约〉,公约中确定了首批禁止使用12种持久性有机污染物。针对持久性有机污染物,详细介绍其分类、性质和危害,及中国采取的对策。     

水中BPMC等残留农药的分析方法研究

BPMC、Propyzamide、TPN、Diazinon、IBP、MEP、Benthiocarb、Isoxathion、EPN等农药是目前广泛使用的除草剂和杀虫剂,其中部分农药如BPMC被列为毒害品,然而目前还没有可行有效的、针对以上物质的统一检测方法。选用了合适的有机溶剂对多种组分进行同时萃取,经过净化后采用气相色谱-质谱法测定,分析效果较好。     

北京地区高速公路夏季道面高温灾害预报研究

高速公路经常会面临雨雪雾等恶劣天气的影响,导致出现诸如爆胎、路面积冰(积雪)等恶劣路况,并常常引发重大安全事故,因此准确预报高速路道面参数具有非常重要的意义.高速公路下垫面具有不透水、无植被覆盖等特性,仅采用气候模式而不考虑下垫面特性模拟与预测道面参数会产生较大误差.本文对CoLM陆面模式进行了改进,采用改进后的陆面模式与最新的区域预报模式BJ-RUC对盛夏北京地区几个高速公路观测站点的道面温度进行了预报.结果表明,相对于仅采用BJ-RUC模式进行预报,BJ-RUC与CoLM模式结合预报方法在正午前后道面温度非常高时与观测值符合得更好,误差由约10～20℃减小为约5～10℃.道面温度的准确预报可以更好的预防道面高温引发的交通安全事故的发生.     

Temporal and spatial changes in nutrients and chlorophyll-a in a shallow lake, Lake Chaohu, China: An 11-year investigation

Temporal and spatial changes of total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP) and chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) in a shallow lake, Lake Chaohu, China, were investigated using monthly monitoring data from 2001 through 2011. The results showed that the annual mean concentration ranges of TN, TP, and Chl-a were 0.08-14.60 mg/L, 0.02-1.08 mg/L, and 0.10-465.90 μg/L, respectively. Our data showed that Lake Chaohu was highly eutrophic and that water quality showed no substantial improvement during 2001 through 2011. The mean concentrations of TP, TN and Chl-a in the western lake were significantly higher than in the eastern lake, which indicates a spatial distribution of the three water parameters. The annual mean ratio of TN:TP by weight ranged from 10 to 20, indicating that phosphorus was the limiting nutrient in this lake. A similar seasonality variation for TP and Chl-a was observed. Riverine TP and NH₄⁺ loading from eight major tributaries were in the range of 1.56×10⁴-5.47×10⁴ and 0.19×10⁴-0.51×10⁴ tons/yr over 2002-2011, respectively, and exceeded the water environmental capability of the two nutrients in the lake by a factor of 3-6. Thus reduction of nutrient loading in the sub-watershed and tributaries would be essential for the restoration of Lake Chaohu.