淮河流域可持续发展状态评价

本文在距离指数法和层次分析法的基础上 ,构建了距离指数———层次综合分析法 ,用以评估淮河流域及其子系统的可持续发展状态。评估结果表明 :评估年 (1997年 )相对于参照年 (2 0 0 5年 )而言 ,环境子系统处于不可持续状态 ,资源子系统处于弱可持续状态 ,经济子系统和社会子系统相对较好 ,均处于中度可持续状态 ,整个流域处于弱可持续状态     

浅析兰州市校园雨水的利用研究

收集利用雨水已成为一种既经济又实用的水资源开发方式。通过实验监测分析兰州市某校园雨水的水质情况,结果表明：（1）校园区雨水径流的主要污染物质为化学需氧量（COD）和悬浮性固体（SS）;（2）屋面汇集雨水水质较好,路面雨水受污染较重。并对该校园可回收利用雨水径流量进行理论计算;提出回收利用校园雨水的方案,如收集屋面雨水用于校园的绿化,采用绿化带改良及屋面绿化等方法利用雨水资源,以达到较好的节水目的,提高水资源的利用效率。     

安全仪表系统可靠性评估技术探讨

介绍了安全仪表系统在现代过程工业中的作用以及与基本控制系统的区别,阐述了安全完整性等级(SIL)和误停车率(STR)的概念,重点分析了可靠性评估中SIL验证和STR计算方法。     

Source apportionment of ambient PM10 in urban areas of Wuxi, China

A total of 168 PM₁₀ samples were collected during the year of 2005 at eight sites in the city of Wuxi in China. Fifteen chemical elements, three water-soluble ions, total carbon and organic carbon were analyzed. Six source categories were identified and their contributions to ambient PM₁₀ in Wuxi were estimated using a nested chemical mass balance method that reduces the effects of colinearity on the chemical mass balance model. In addition, the concentrations of secondary aerosols, such as secondary organic carbon, sulfate and nitrate, were quantified. The spatially averaged PM₁₀ was high in the spring and winter (123 ??g·m^?3 and low in the summer-fall (90 ??g·m^?3). According to the result of source apportionment, resuspended dust was the largest contributor to ambient PM₁₀, accounting for more than 50% of the PM₁₀ mass. Coal combustion (14.6%) and vehicle exhaust (9.4%) were also significant source categories of ambient PM₁₀. Construction and cement dust, sulfates, secondary organic carbon, and nitrates made contributions ranging between 4.1% and 4.9%. Other source categories such as steel manufacturing dust and soil dust made low contributions to ambient PM₁₀.     

Phytoplankton variation and its relationship with the environment in Xiangxi Bay in spring after damming of the Three-Gorges, China

Following the completion of the Three-Gorges Dam, there was a strong spring phytoplankton bloom in Xiangxi Bay of Three-Gorges Reservoir. However, our knowledge of relationship between spring phytoplankton bloom and environmental factors was still limited. In this study, phytoplankton species composition, biomass, chlorophyll a concentration and environmental factors at two sampling sites in Xiangxi Bay were investigated during 25 March to 18 May 2007. The Xiangxi Bay was eutrophic with the lowest values of total nitrogen and total phosphorus being 0.80 and 0.07?mg/L, respectively. A total of 66 algal taxa belonging to seven phyla and 45 genera were identified. Peridiniopsis niei Liu was the most abundant species which preferred standing water. Canonical correspondence analysis and correlation analysis revealed that nitrate was significantly associated with phytoplankton growth. The phytoplankton chlorophyll a concentration was correlated significantly negatively with nitrate concentration, and nitrate concentration was very low during bloom periods. Heavy rainfall was the main reason of phytoplankton chlorophyll a concentration and biomass decreasing and blooms disappearing. In addition, heavy rainfall also brought more nitrate into the Bay which provided sufficient nitrogen source for blooms occurring again.     

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons with molecular weight 302 in PM 2.5 at two industrial sites in South China

Daytime and nighttime PM(2.5) samples were collected between August 5 and 16, 2009 and between January 24 and February 4, 2010 in an industrial complex site (site A) and an electronic waste recycling site (site B) to determine the seasonal and diurnal variations of 19 individual polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) with molecular weight 302 (MW302) including four highly carcinogenic dibenzopyrene (DBP) isomers dibenzo[a,l]pyrene (DBalP), dibenzo[a,e]pyrene (DBaeP), dibenzo[a,i]pyrene (DBaiP), and dibenzo[a,h]pyrene (DBahP). This is the first report on DBP isomers in air particles from South China. The total concentration of PAH MW302 isomers ranged from 1.65 to 3.60 ng m(-3) in summer and 3.82 to 9.81 ng m(-3) in winter. The strongest peaks in the chromatograms of the MW302 isomers were naphtha[2,1-a]pyrene (N21aP), dibenzo[j,l]fluoranthene (DBjlF), naphtha[1,2-b]fluoranthene (N12bF), naphtha[1,2-k]fluoranthene (N12kF) and dibenzo[a,e]fluoranthene (DBaeF), constituting 52.0 to 55.4% of the total MW302 isomers. All the MW302 isomers showed notable seasonal variations. Most of the MW302 isomers in site B showed distinctive diurnal variations with higher concentrations occurring in the night. Taking into account both concentration and potency equivalence factors (PEFs), the strongest carcinogen in the analyzed samples was DBaiP, and the ratios of sum carcinogenic potency of four highly carcinogenic DBP isomers to benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) was about 0.94 in winter to 1.89 in summer, indicating the importance of DBP isomers for the risk assessment. Health risk assessment indicated that on average, 1 in 100 000 residents in the two industrial sites may have an increased risk of cancer due to PAH exposure.     

Recovery of a freshwater wetland from chemical contamination after an oil spill

In March 2009, a cargo ship spilled 250 tons of heavy fuel oil off the Queensland coast of Australia. The pristine National Park Moreton Island, seven nautical miles to the east of the spill site, was most affected by the oil slick. Contamination of the island's shoreline was widespread, with freshwater wetlands particularly slow to recover as clean-up needed to be carefully managed to avoid damage to this sensitive ecosystem. During the clean-up process on Moreton Island a monitoring program was initiated using traditional chemical analysis in combination with bioanalytical techniques to assess the extent and variability in contamination at sites on the shoreline and freshwater wetlands. Water accommodated fractions (WAF) of oil residues from samples taken directly after the spill on the shoreline showed the same level of toxic potency as samples from the wetland while baseline-toxicity equivalent concentrations (baseline-TEQ) and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzodioxin equivalent concentrations (TCDDEQ) were much lower in oil collected from the sandy beach. The umuC assay for genotoxicity and the E-SCREEN assay for estrogenic effects indicated the extracts were not genotoxic or estrogenic. PAH concentrations and toxicity in grab water samples were below detectable levels, however, extracts from time integrated silicone passive samplers deployed for several weeks at the contaminated sites gave measurable responses in the bioassays with TCDDEQ levels increased relative to the control site. The low levels of baseline-TEQ and TCDDEQ present after 8 months had further decreased 6 months later indicating satisfactory recovery of this pristine ecosystem after an oil spill.     

人口,资源和经济制约下的城市环境战略目标：以沈阳市为例

本文在探讨城市环境战略目标制约因素的基础上,结合沈阳市的主要城市功能和环境问题,分析了沈阳市2000年环境战略目标的制约因素和措施。     

Insight into the critical factors determining the particle number concentrations during summer at a megacity in China

To identify the critical factors impacting the number concentration of particles with the aerodynamic diameters less than 2.5 μm(PNC_(2.5)), the continuous measurement of PNC_(2.5),chemical components in PM_(2.5), gaseous pollutants and meteorological conditions were conducted at an urban site in Tianjin in June 2015. Results indicated that the average PNC_(2.5) was 2839 ± 2430 d N/dlog Dp 1/cm~3 during the campaign. Compared to other meteorological parameters, the relative humidity(RH) had the strongest relationship with PNC_(2.5), with a Pearson's correlation coefficient of 0.53, and RH larger than 30% influenced strongly PNC_(2.5).The important influence of secondary reactions on PNC_(2.5) was inferred due to higher correlation coefficients between PNC_(2.5) and SO_4~(2-), NO_3~-, NH_4~+(r = 0.78–0.89; p 0.01) and between PNC_(2.5) and ratios that represent the conversion of nitrogen and sulfur oxides to particulate matter(r = 0.42–0.49; p 0.01). Under specific RH conditions, there were even stronger correlations between PNC_(2.5) and NO_3~-, SO_4~(2-), NH_4~+, while those between PNC_(2.5) and EC, OC were relatively weak, especially when RH exceeded 50%. Principal component analysis(PCA) and Pearson's correlation analysis indicated that secondary sources, vehicle emission and coal combustion might be major contributors to PNC_(2.5). Backward trajectory and potential source contribution function(PSCF) analysis suggested that the transport of air masses originated from these regions around Tianjin(Liaoning, Hebei, Shandong and Jiangsu) influenced critically PNC_(2.5). The north of Jiangsu, the west of Shandong, and the east of Hebei were distinguished as major potential source-areas of PNC_(2.5) by PSCF model.     

无植物生物滞留池连续运行处理污水的渗流特性实验

为探究连续运行条件下生物滞留系统处理污水时的渗流特性,通过对不同水力负荷条件下系统渗透系数及孔隙率变化的监测考察其性能。结果显示:同一水力负荷下,随着运行时间推进,标准渗透系数K₂₀呈先降低再升高最后达到稳定阶段(15 d左右)的变化趋势,而且水力负荷越大对相对渗透系数的影响越大,二者关系达到显著负相关水平(P<0.01)。在低水力负荷[<1.0 m3/(m2·d)]条件下,渗透系数与孔隙率呈正相关,在较高水力负荷[>2.0 m3/(m2·d)]条件下,渗透系数与孔隙率无显著相关性。在连续运行过程中,生物滞留系统处理污水时水力负荷应控制在2.0 m3/(m2·d)以内,且水力负荷为1.0 m3/(m2·d)时系统性能最佳。该研究成果可为有效预防生物滞留系统填料堵塞提供理论参考和借鉴。