贵州万山汞矿地区耐汞野生植物研究

在贵州万山地区废弃汞矿堆和矿山附近,受长期高剂量汞暴露的影响经过的自然选择,该地区出现了一些能耐受汞毒性的生态型植物。对汞耐受及汞富集植物的筛选对于汞污染土壤的植物修复具有一定的现实意义。通过对万山梅子溪地区汞污染土壤及汞耐受植物采样调查发现,该区域采样土壤中汞的含量均在50 mg·kg-1以上,达到重度汞污染水平。对该地区野生植物的采样分析发现,蔷薇科植物悬钩子不仅数量较多,单株植物生物量较大,表现出很强的耐汞毒性的能力,而且植株内可以很大程度地富集汞,在其植株中汞的含量可达20 mg·kg-1左右,属于汞富集植物,另外发现野蒿对汞也具有较强的富集能力,其植株中汞的含量可达10 mg·kg-1以上。该类型植物的发现将为植物的汞耐受以及汞富集机理研究提供新的素材,为汞污染土壤的植物修复技术提供新的植物类型,也为进一步开发汞污染土壤处理技术提供了一种可能。     

膜生物反应器处理苎麻脱胶废水的研究

利用膜生物反应器对苎麻生物脱胶废水进行试验研究,通过对废水中的COD、NH3-N、SS及色度进行检测发现,出水水质达到国家综合排放标准,并可回用。因此,此法处理麻生物脱胶废水可行,为苎麻生物脱胶废水的处理提供一种新的处理方法。     

一株产絮凝剂的黑曲霉的分离及培养条件优化

从活性污泥中筛选出一株产絮凝剂的霉菌,初步鉴定为黑曲霉(Aspergillus niger).其所产生的微生物絮凝剂对高岭土悬浊液具有良好的絮凝作用.通过培养条件优化,其所产生的微生物絮凝剂对高岭土悬浊液的絮凝率从85.6%提高到98.7%,实验结果表明,(1)黑曲霉孢子最佳接种量为9.33×108 个/L;(2)产絮凝剂适宜的碳源为蔗糖,氮源为尿素,用量分别为30.00、1.600 g/L;(3)最佳培养条件为:查氏液体培养基初始pH 7.0,培养温度30℃,摇床转速180 r/min,培养时间120 h;(4)在最佳培养条件下微生物絮凝剂的产量为1.805 g/L;(5)絮凝性能比较结果表明,微生物絮凝剂的絮凝性能优于传统絮凝剂.     

不同模糊评价方法在水环境质量评价中的应用比较

近年来,运用模糊评价方法对水质和水体营养化程度进行评价逐渐受到重视。目前,对模糊评价方法的研究多集中在实测数据标准化、权重的确定和模糊模式识别模型研究几个方面。以滇池历年营养物质数据为实测数据,通过对几种实测数据标准化方法、权重确定方法和模糊模式识别方法的组合应用,获得水环境质量模糊评价最优组合方法。结果表明,在评价方法中,实测数据标准化方法采用线性内插法,权重的确定采用超标倍数法,模糊模式识别模型采用广义海明距离和加权海明距离法,即采用超标倍数法的广义海明距离和加权海明距离法能够更真实反映水环境质量的实际情况。     

Mo-N-TiO2光催化剂的制备、表征及其活性提高机制

以钼酸铵和氨水分别为钼源和氮源,采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了Mo-N-TiO2光催化剂,并对其进行了XRD、XPS和UV-visDRS表征。XRD结果表明,Mo、N共掺杂有效抑制了TiO2晶粒的生长,提高了TiO2由锐钛矿向金红石相的转变温度。UV-vis表明,Mo-N-TiO2光催化剂可见光吸收能力增强,吸收带边明显"红移",且钼酸铵添加量(相对TiO2)为0.5%的样品"红移"程度最大,最大吸收带边为550 nm。XPS分析结果表明,Mo取代了TiO2晶格中的部分Ti4+,以Mo6+形式存在的,而N以Ti—N及N—Ti—O形式存在。以罗丹明B为模型污染物,重点考察了钼酸铵添加量与焙烧温度对Mo-N-TiO2光催剂性能的影响。结果表明,400℃焙烧下、钼酸铵添加量为0.5%的样品催化活性最好。模拟太阳光下光照120min对罗丹明B的降解率达到96.8%,是纯TiO2的2.42倍。     

Virus retention and transport through Al-oxide coated sand columns: effects of ionic strength and composition

Knowledge of the factors that influence the fate and transport of viruses in porous media is very important for accurately determining groundwater vulnerability and for developing protective regulations. In this study, six saturated sand column experiments were performed to examine the effects of a positively charged Al-oxide, which was coated on sand particles, on the retention and transport of viruses (phiX174 and MS-2) in background solutions of different ionic strength and composition. We found that the Al-oxide coating on sand significantly removed viruses during their transport in a phosphate buffered saline (PBS) solution. Mass balance calculations showed that 34% of the input MS-2 was inactivated/irreversibly sorbed on the surface of Al-oxide coated sand whereas 100% of phiX174 was recovered. Results from this study also indicated that higher ionic strength facilitated the transport of both phiX174 and MS-2 through the Al-oxide coated sand. This was attributed to the effect of ion shielding, which at higher ionic strength decreased the electrostatic attraction between the viral particles and the sand surface and consequently decreased virus sorption. Strong effect of the ionic strength indicates that an outer-sphere complexation mechanism was responsible for the virus sorption on the Al-oxide coated sand. Ion composition of the background solutions was also found to be a significant factor in influencing virus retention and transport. Virus transport was enhanced in the presence of phosphate (HPO(4)(2-)) as compared to bicarbonate (HCO(3)(-)), and the effect of HPO(4)(2-) was more significant on MS-2 than on phiX174. The presence of bivalent cations (Ca(2+) and Mg(2+)) increased virus transport because the cations partially screened the negative charges on the viruses therefore decreased the electrostatic attraction between the positively charged sand surface and the negatively charged viruses. Mass recovery data indicated that bivalent cations gave rise to a certain degree of inactivation/irreversibly sorption of phiX174 on the surface of Al-oxide coated sand. On the contrary, the bivalent cations appeared to have protected MS-2 from inactivation/irreversibly sorption. This study provides some insights into the mechanisms responsible for virus retention and transport in porous media.     

Effects of water-emulsified fuel on a diesel engine generator’s thermal efficiency and exhaust

Water-emulsified diesel has proven itself as a technically sufficient improvement fuel to improve diesel engine fuel combustion emissions and engine performance. However, it has seldom been used in light-duty diesel engines. Therefore, this paper focuses on an investigation into the thermal efficiency and pollution emission analysis of a light-duty diesel engine generator fueled with different water content emulsified diesel fuels (WD, including WD-0, WD-5, WD-10, and WD-15). In this study, nitric oxide, carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, and carbon dioxide were analyzed by a vehicle emission gas analyzer, and the particle size and number concentration were measured by an electrical low-pressure impactor. In addition, engine loading and fuel consumption were also measured to calculate the thermal efficiency. Measurement results suggested that water-emulsified diesel was useful to improve the thermal efficiency and the exhaust emission of a diesel engine. Obviously, the thermal efficiency was increased about 1.2 to 19.9%. In addition, water-emulsified diesel leads to a significant reduction of nitric oxide emission (less by about 18.3 to 45.4%). However, the particle number concentration emission might be increased if the loading of the generator becomes lower than or equal to 1800 W. In addition, exhaust particle size distributions were shifted toward larger particles at high loading. The consequence of this research proposed that the water-emulsified diesel was useful to improve the engine performance and some of exhaust emissions, especially the NO emission reduction.

Implications:The accumulated test results provide a good basis to resolve the corresponding pollutants emitted from a light-duty diesel engine generator. By measuring and analyzing transforms of exhaust pollutant from this engine generator, the effects of water-emulsified diesel fuel and loading on emission characteristics might be more clear. Understanding reduction of pollutant emissions during the use of water-emulsified diesel helps improve the effectiveness of the testing program. The analyzed consequences provide useful information to the government for setting policies to curb pollutant emissions from a light-duty diesel engine generator more effectively.     

Simultaneous adsorption and degradation of Zn2+ and Cu2+ from wastewaters using nanoscale zero-valent iron impregnated with clays

Clays such as kaolin, bentonite and zeolite were evaluated as support material for nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI) to simultaneously remove Cu²⁺ and Zn²⁺ from aqueous solution. Of the three supported nZVIs, bentonite-supported nZVI (B-nZVI) was most effective in the simultaneous removal of Cu²⁺ and Zn²⁺ from a aqueous solution containing a 100 mg/l of Cu²⁺ and Zn²⁺, where 92.9 % Cu²⁺ and 58.3 % Zn²⁺ were removed. Scanning electronic microscope (SEM) revealed that the aggregation of nZVI decreased as the proportion of bentonite increased due to the good dispersion of nZVI, while energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) demonstrated the deposition of copper and zinc on B-nZVI after B-nZVI reacted with Cu²⁺ and Zn²⁺. A kinetics study indicated that removing Cu²⁺ and Zn²⁺ with B-nZVI accorded with the pseudo first-order model. These suggest that simultaneous adsorption of Cu²⁺and Zn²⁺ on bentonite and the degradation of Cu²⁺and Zn²⁺ by nZVI on the bentonite. However, Cu²⁺ removal by B-nZVI was reduced rather than adsorption, while Zn²⁺ removal was main adsorption. Finally, Cu²⁺, Zn²⁺, Ni²⁺, Pb²⁺ and total Cr from various wastewaters were removed by B-nZVI, and reusability of B-nZVI with different treatment was tested, which demonstrates that B-nZVI is a potential material for the removal of heavy metals from wastewaters.     

天津市纪庄子污水处理厂恶臭气体排放研究

2011年,在天津市纪庄子污水处理厂内采集空气样品,并对其中恶臭气体的浓度、扩散模式、影响范围及污水厂内各主要构筑物间相关系数进行了分析研究。结果表明,污水处理厂格栅处恶臭气体浓度最高,为4.31 ng/mL,其中95.61%为H2S气体,其他构筑物恶臭气体浓度范围为0.09～0.32 ng/mL,恶臭气体浓度较前处理工艺相比有大幅度减少;各主要构筑物排放的恶臭气体符合高斯气体扩散模式,恶臭影响范围为厂界外100 m以内;格栅处恶臭气体的排放对于厂界处恶臭气体浓度的贡献度最大,为42.68%;格栅、初沉池、脱水机房、二沉池之间的相关度在90%以上。     

厌氧-局部循环供氧生物膜技术处理农村污水

通过模拟农村生活污水水质和间歇进水特点,利用“厌氧-局部循环供氧生物膜”技术,研究该工艺对有机物、氮、磷的去除效果.厌氧池和局部循环供氧池有效容积比为1∶1.6,曝气装置位于局部循环供氧池中间底部,环形导流板将局部循环供氧池分隔成中间好氧区和四周缺氧区,斜管沉淀池前置到厌氧池与局部循环供氧池之间,出水端设置循环水池.装置连续稳定运行12个月,平均进水量为140 L/d,生物反应区HRT为1.3d.监测结果表明,出水COD、BOD、NH3-N、TN和TP平均浓度分别在40.31、3.38、2.69、11.98和0.75 mg/L,达到了国家城镇污水处理厂污染物排放指标(GB-18918-2002)中的一级排放标准.研究表明,厌氧-局部循环供氧技术是一种适合农村分散污水处理的新工艺,可有效减轻农业面源污染.