内蒙古典型草原土壤不同剖面深度CO_2通量格局及其驱动因子

土壤CO2的释放能够显著增加大气牛CO2的浓度,增强温室效应,从而对全球气候和环境变化产生重要影响.但是,不同的土壤层对CO2通量的贡献量有很大的差异.文章通过挖坑法结合红外气体分析法研究了内蒙古草原典犁针茅(Stipa krylovii)群落和羊草(Leymus chinensis)群落不同剖面深度土壤CO2通量格局以及影响CO2通量的驱动因素.结果表明,表层土壤移走后,土壤CO2通量的变化可分为瞬时、短期、长期三种格局.新剖面上最初的0～21 min内释放的CO2通量最均大于初始土壤表层CO2通量,而且两者比值随土壤深度增加而增大,也随土壤CO2生产能力增强而增大.2～4 d后,新剖面CO2通量持续下降至低于初始土壤表层CO2通量的水平.形成短期稳定状态.更长时间后,新剖面则逐渐表现出与初始土壤剖面表层相近的CO2通量特征.我们认为,(1)在新剖面形成时的CO2通量瞬时和短期格局主要受土壤中存留的原始CO2的浓度及其扩散过程控制,(2)长期格局则由资源水平和环境条件共同决定的土壤CO2生产能力主导.文章进一步揭示了建立包含垂直分层的SOC分解和CO2扩散过程的生态系统模型的必要性.     

无瓣海桑和互花米草群落土壤化感作用比较

为揭示不同植物群落土壤在无瓣海桑(Sonneratia apetala)控制互花米草(Spartina alterniflora)中的作用,利用化感生物测定的方法,选用黑麦草(Lolium perenne)为受体,对比分析红树林无瓣海桑群落、互花米草群落以及无瓣海桑+互花米草群落土壤水提液的化感作用大小。结果表明3,种植物群落土壤水提液对黑麦草具有化感作用,无瓣海桑群落土壤和无瓣海桑+互花米草群落土壤水提液对黑麦草根长和苗高的影响表现出低促高抑的现象;ρ为0.25 g·mL-1的土壤水提液对黑麦草种子发芽和幼苗生长影响不大,1.0 g·mL-1土壤水提液对黑麦草根长和苗高产生显著影响,加入活性碳之后能减弱水提液的化感作用。ρ为0.25或0.5 g·mL-1条件下3,种土壤浸提液对黑麦草发芽率的影响无显著差异;ρ为1.0 g·mL-1的3种水提液都显著抑制黑麦草根长,而无瓣海桑群落土壤水提液表现出更强的化感作用,ρ为1.0 g·mL-1的土壤水提液显著抑制黑麦草苗高,无瓣海桑群落土壤对苗高的抑制作用显著强于互花米草群落土壤(P<0.01)。以黑麦草为受体,无瓣海桑群落土壤化感作用强于互花米草群落土壤,通过根系分...     

HAZOP分析在常减压装置的应用及问题探讨

运用"HAZOP+LOPA+风险矩阵"复合式风险分析技术,对金陵分公司常减压装置进行危险辨识和风险分析,识别装置存在的主要问题和隐患,并对HAZOP技术应用中存在的适应性问题进行了探讨,对装置风险控制提出了针对性的建议措施,为装置的"安、稳、长、满、优"运行提供指导。     

生物质成型燃料工业项目环境影响评价实例分析

以使用生物质成型燃料的某洗衣粉项目为例,对生物质成型燃料的来源种类、燃烧设备、烟尘净化措施和污染物产排进行了介绍,并对使用生物质成型燃料工业项目的环境影响评价中的若干问题进行了分析探讨。     

灰色系统模型在总悬浮物预测中的应用

以１９８６－１９９４年东北某城市总悬浮物统计资料为依据，应用灰色系统理论ＧＭ（１，１）模型对总量浮物数值进行预测分析。     

Baseline soil levels of PCDD/Fs established prior to the construction of municipal solid waste incinerators in China

In order to determine the baseline contamination by polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) in different areas in China, prior to the construction of municipal solid waste incinerators (MSWIs), a total of 32 representative soil samples was collected near 16 incinerators and analyzed for their PCDD/F concentrations. The PCDD/F baseline concentrations in the soil samples ranged from 0.32 to 11.4 ng I-TEQ kg⁻¹ (dry matter), with average and median value of 2.73 and 2.24 ng I-TEQ kg⁻¹ (dry matter), respectively, and a span between maximum and minimum recorded value of 36. The PCDD homologues predominated in 26 out of 32 soil samples, with the ratio (PCDDs)/(PCDFs) ranging from 1.1 to 164; however in the other 6 samples, PCDF homologues were larger, with the same ratio varying from 0.04 to 0.8. Principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) were used to examine PCDD/F amount and profile in these soil samples, and their possible associations with known emission sources: in this process 6 really distinct isomer fingerprints were identified. Background PCDD/F levels and profiles were comparable to those found in soils from China and other countries and indicate a rather low baseline PCDD/F contamination of soils. The present data provide the tools for future assessment of a possible impact of these MSWIs.     

Pollution characteristics of 23 veterinary antibiotics in livestock manure and manure-amended soils in Jiangsu province,China

The aim of this study was to investigate the pollution characteristics of typical veterinary antibiotics in manure and soil of livestock farms in Jiangsu province. This investigation employed solid-phase extraction (SPE) coupled with ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). A total of 53 manure and 50 amended soil samples from 16 livestock farms in Jiangsu province were collected for analysis. In the manure samples, the highest detected frequencies and concentrations were those of tetracyclines (TCs, 54.1 ± 5775.6 μgkg^?1), followed by fluoroquinolones (FQs, 8.4 ± 435.6 μgkg^?1), sulphonamides (SAs, 3.2 ± 5.2 μgkg^?1) and macrolides (MACs, 0.4 ± 110.5 μgkg^?1). Statistical analysis was used to illuminate the pollution characteristics of 23 veterinary antibiotics for various animal types and different regions in Jiangsu province. The results showed that the pollution level in cow manure was relatively lower compared with pig and chicken manure due to the relative restriction of medication. Furthermore, contamination was serious in amended soil from chicken farms. The pollution level in manure among different regions was higher to the south and north compared with the centre of the region. The same outcome was found for soil. Antibiotic residues in organic fertilizer were also investigated in this study. We found that although the detected concentration was lower in organic fertilizer than in fresh manure, detection frequencies (10–90%) were high, especially for roxithromycin (90%) in MACs (30–90%). This finding suggests attention should be paid to the pollution levels in organic fertilizer. This study is the first extensive investigation of the occurrence and distribution of many kinds of typical veterinary antibiotics in manure and soil from livestock farms of Jiangsu province. This investigation systematically assesses veterinary antibiotics usage and related emissions in southeast China.     

363kV快速真空断路器电场计算

高电压等级开关设备的绝缘水平严重影响设备的安全运行和开断能力,因此在研发高电压真空断路器时需要分析其电场分布。以363 kV快速真空断路器设计结构为原型,建立三维有限元电场计算模型,分别计算了额定电压下闭合和开断工况下的电场分布,分析了灭弧室、绝缘子以及主要金具表面的电场大小。结果表明:均压环表面电场最大值为1.92 MV/m,绝缘子表面最大值为0.36 MV/m,开距20 mm时灭弧室断口电场最大值为3.5 MV/m,其他部位电场均处于控制范围内,断路器总体结构设计合理,满足绝缘要求。     

中国特色生产者责任延伸制度建设模式初探

概述了生产者责任延伸制度在发达国家的实施模式及其效果:探讨了建立中国PRO机构的可行性;提出了虚拟企业利用规模化资源共享来为群体用户提供信息化服务的设想:论述了"污染源"回收与无害化资源综合利用将成为下一轮投资热点的理由;简述了我国WEEE回收处理网络建设与推广项目的进展情况,以及发起单位下一步工作部署的部分内容.