Sludge concentration dynamic distribution and its impact on the performance of UNITANK

UNITANK is a biological wastewater treatment process that combines the advantages of traditional activated sludge process and sequencing batch reactor, which is divided into Tank A, B and C. In this study, the sludge distribution and its impact on performance of UNITANK were carried out in Liede Wastewater Plant （WWTP） of Guangzhou, China. Results showed that there was a strong affiliation between Tank A and B of the system in sludge concentration distribution. The initial sludge concentration in Tank A could present the sludge distribution of the whole system. The sludge distribution was mainly influenced by hydraulic condition. Unsteady sludge distribution had an impact on variations of substrates in reactors, especially in decisive reactor, and this could lead to failure of system. Settler could partially remove substrates such as COD and NO3-N, but there was adventure of sludge deterioration. The rational initial sludge concentration in Tank A should be 4000-6000 mg/L MLSS.     

Spatial distribution of aerosol pollution based on MODIS data over Beijing, China

With the help of regression analysis,the relationships were detected between aerosol's contribution to apparent reflectance(ACR) derived from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer(MODIS)on board Terra and hourly PM_(10)mass concentration measured at 30 ground-based locations in Beijing for the August of 2003 and 2004.It was shown that there was a good correlation between the ACR and PM_(10)(linear correlation coefficient,R=0.56).On the basis of this relationship,spatial distribution and possible sources of PM_(10)derived from MODIS were analyzed and two frequently heavily-polluted regions were found,namely downtown of the city and the district near Xishan Mountain.These two regions coincidently are also urban heat island centers.The foundings of this paper will be greatly useful for environmental monitoring and urban planning for Beijing,especially for the 2008 Olympic game to be held in Beijing.     

太湖表层沉积物重金属污染评价与来源分析

对太湖湖区表层沉积物中11种重金属的总量进行调查分析,借助地累积指数法和潜在生态风险指数法分析了重金属的污染程度和生态风险,并利用主成分分析-绝对主成分分数-多元线性回归受体模型对重金属来源进行解析.结果显示太湖沉积物中Cd、Sb含量平均值分别为江苏省土壤背景值的4.29倍和3.18倍,地累积指数表明Cd和Sb为偏中度...     

山地农业资源的时空性与持续利用研究：以陕西秦巴山地为例

山地是一种特殊的生态环境类型,受自然分异规律与人类经济活动的双重干预和影响,产生其特有的时空分异规律与层带组合格局。通过土地生态类型格局分析,可以揭示山地生态环境类型结构瑟功能的异质性和有序性,从而为探讨农业资源的时空性及其开发利用模式提供科学指导。     

Environmental impact and human exposure to PCBs in Guiyu, an electronic waste recycling site in China

PCB levels in fish (collected from local rivers), atmosphere and human milk samples have been studied to determine the exposure levels of PCBs for local residents and e-waste workers in Guiyu, a major electronic waste scrapping center in China. The source appointment and correlation analyses showed that homologue composition of PCBs in 7 species of fish were consistent and similar to commercial PCBs Aroclor 1248. PCB levels in air surrounding the open burning site were significantly higher than those in residential area. Inhalation exposure contributed 27% and 93% to the total body loadings (the sum of dietary and inhalation exposure) of the local residents, and e-waste workers engaged in open burning respectively. Total PCB concentrations in human milk ranged from N.D. to 57.6 ng/g lipid, with an average of 9.50 ng/g lipid. The present results indicated that commercial PCBs derived from e-waste recycling are major sources of PCBs accumulating in different environmental media, leading to the accumulation of high chlorinated biphenyls in human beings.     

南方冰冻雨雪灾害年的环流及气象要素异常的统计分析

利用NCEP/NCAR的2.5°×2.5°格点的逐日再分析资料,通过分析我国南方19个冰冻雨雪灾害年的36个冰冻雨雪天气个例的环流形势,总结了发生冰冻雨雪天气的4种天气类型:北脊南槽型、乌山脊型、横槽南支型和高纬低涡型,后两种天气类型持续时间长、影响范围广,极易造成南方严重的持续冰冻雨雪灾害;进一步分析南方持续冰雪天气的物理量场和要素场特征,结果表明,对流层低层850~700 hPa辐合中心较垂直上升速度中心提前1~2 d出现,预示低温雨雪增强;冻雨严重年份在700 hPa维持大于0℃的融化层,南支槽前的西南急流为雨雪天气提供了水汽和热量输送,这种配置利于冻雨天气的发展和维持。天气类型的建立及气象要素的统计有利于为南方冰雪灾害天气预测预警服务。     

崇明瀛东村人工草丛土壤动物群落结构及其季节变化

为了解崇明瀛东村度假别墅区人工草丛土壤动物群落状况,于2011年6月～2012年4月,采用手捡法和干、湿漏斗法,以瀛东村外附近的自然草丛为对照,对度假别墅区内人工草丛的土壤动物群落结构进行四季调查。调查结果如下:(1)瀛东村度假别墅区内人工草丛土壤动物分属4门10纲15目,其中优势类群为线虫纲、轮虫纲、涡虫纲,常见类群有寡毛纲、蜱螨目、弹尾目、双翅目幼虫,稀有类群有16类;(2)瀛东村度假别墅区人工草丛中大部分土壤动物集中于表土层(0～5cm),其垂直分布呈现出明显的表聚性,同时,各季节的表聚性也有所不同;(3)土壤动物群落多样性四季变化中,密度-类群指数较Shannon-Wiener多样性指数更能表现群落综合指数的变化,并得出瀛东村度假别墅区人工草丛和对照样地的土壤动物群落多样性均在秋季较高,夏季较低,综合各指标统计分析,可见瀛东村度假别墅区人工草丛土壤动物群落多样性尚处于恢复期阶段。     

太湖东北部沉积物理化特征及磷赋存形态研究

对太湖东部和北部8个沉积物样品进行了理化性质及磷赋存形态分析,在此基础上探讨了沉积物各理化性质与磷赋存形态间的相关关系。研究结果表明：太湖沉积物的总磷含量为307.43～1454.39 mg/kg,阳离子交换量为15.18～22.68 meq/100g土,有机质含量为1.66%～3.45%;颗粒组成以粉砂级和粘粒级为主,占总量的54.39%～76.83%;主要矿物组成为石英和长石,粘土矿物以伊利石/蒙脱石混层为主,其次是伊利石、绿泥石和高岭石;沉积物中氧化物以SiO2、Al2O3和TFe2O3为主,且它们的含量随沉积物中总磷含量的不同变化较大。磷的形态以无机磷为主,污染较重沉积物中铁/铝磷的含量明显升高,有机磷的比例降低,钙磷变化不大。沉积物的各理化性质与磷赋存形态间关系密切,随着沉积物中总磷含量的增加, 阳离子交换量和有机质的含量都逐渐升高,细颗粒含量（<2 μm）逐渐增多,铁/铝形态的磷在总磷中所占比例也逐渐增大。     

生态工业园评价方法研究:以北京市为例

建立科学有效的评价方法将有助于稳步推进我国的生态工业园建设．而园区所处区域的特点对于评价指标的选择和评价体系的建立具有重要影响。本研究在借鉴国内外最新研究成果的基础上．针对北京工业开发区的发展现状和特点．考虑相关性、可操作等原则，初步提出了一套生态工业园评价指标体系框架及其计算评价方法。评价指标共分为6大类准则，共计25个具体指标．划分为“控制性”指标和“指导性”指标。前者包括：信息基建共事类指标、管理与发展类指标、减量消耗类指标、园区环保类指标。后者包括：循环利用类指标和产业共生类指标。该指标体系蕴涵的思想和理论方法已成为推进北京生态工业园建设的重要借鉴，也可作为国家生态工业园评价方法研究的有益补充。     

最严格环境保护制度:现状、经验与政策建议

在总结分析当前我国环境保护制度现状及存在问题的基础上,结合国内外相关经验,提出了建立和完善最严格环境保护制度的政策建议。针对当前生态环境保护中的短板和突出问题,建立和完善最严格的环境保护制度需要围绕生态保护红线目标,加快建立以"源头严防、过程严管、后果严惩"为基础、以"经济调节、公众参与、体制保障"为配套的环境保护制度体系。在源头预防方面,建立符合生态文明建设要求的环境保护目标体系、统计体系与核算制度,建立严格的环境准入制度,将环境质量改善和环境风险可接受水平作为环境影响评价的基本准则等;在过程严管方面,建立能够充分体现地方政府环境保护工作实绩的领导干部政绩评价考核制度、科学严格的环境污染排放标准体系,以及严格监管所有污染物排放的环境监管和行政执法制度体系等;在后果严惩方面,推行党政领导干部生态环境审计和终身责任追究制度,建立生态环境损害赔偿和刑事责任追究制度等;在经济调节方面,建立绿色财税金融制度体系,推动实施排污权有偿使用与交易制度,建立平衡生态产品生产者与受益者利益关系的生态补偿制度等;在公众参与方面,在法律法规中明确公民环境权利,完善保障公众参与环境保护的信息公开与立法听证等制度;在生态环境保护管理体制方面,要从上层建筑入手,理顺生态环境保护管理涉及的顶层重大关系,在中央层面明晰资源、环境和生态三个领域的关系,明确中央和地方财权事权分配,调整环境保护系统内部的管理机构设置。