White spruce response to co-composted hydrocarbon-contaminated drilling waste: effects of compost age and nitrogen fertilization

There are growing interests to use co-composted drilling wastes contaminated with hydrocarbons as growth media for planting in land reclamation. However, such use of the compost may have potential problems such as inherent toxicity of residual hydrocarbon and microbial N immobilization due to high compost C to N ratios. We investigated the growth, biomass production, N uptake, and foliar delta13C of white spruce (Picea glauca [Moench] Voss) seedlings in a pot experiment using 1-, 2-, 3-, and 4-yr-old composts (with different hydrocarbon concentrations and C to N ratios) and a local noncontaminated soil with (200 kg N ha(-1)) or without N fertilization. Growth and N content of seedlings (particularly N content in roots) were lower when grown in the compost media as compared with those grown in the soil. Within the compost treatments seedling growth was affected by compost age, but the magnitude of growth reduction was not linearly proportional to hydrocarbon concentrations. Plant N uptake increased with compost age, which corresponds with an increase in indigenous mineral N concentration. Effects of N fertilization on N uptake were curtailed by the presence of indigenous mineral N (e.g., in the 4-yr-old compost) and by fertilization-induced stimulation of microbial activities (e.g., in the 1-yr-old compost). The differences in foliar delta13C values between seedlings grown in compost and soil (P < 0.05) suggest that limitations on water uptake caused by the residual hydrocarbon might have been the predominant factor limiting seedling growth in the compost media. This study suggests that water stress caused by residual hydrocarbons may be a critical factor for the successful use of co-composted drilling wastes as a growth medium.     

Identification of soil heavy metal sources from anthropogenic activities and pollution assessment of Fuyang County, China

Understanding regional variations of soil heavy metals and their anthropogenic influence are very important for environmental planning. In this study, 286 surface soil samples were collected in Fuyang county, and the 'total' metals for copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd) and nickel (Ni) were measured in 2005. Statistic analysis showed that Cu, Zn, Pb and Cd had been added by exterior factors, and Ni was mainly controlled by natural factors. The combination of multivariate statistical and geostatistical analysis successfully grouped three groups (Cu, Zn and Pb; Cd; and Ni) of heavy metals from different sources. Through pollution evaluation, it was found that 15.76% of the study area for Cu, Zn and Pb, and 46.14% for Cd suffered from moderate or severe pollution. Further spatial analysis identified the limestone mining activities, paper mills, cement factory and metallurgic activities were the main sources for the concentration of Cu, Zn, Pb and Cd in soils, and soil Ni was mainly determined by the parent materials.     

宁夏总量减排与环境质量改善的相关性分析

利用SPSS统计软件分析宁夏“十一五”期间主要污染物总量控制指标与环境质量数据的关联程度,并建立回归模型.结果表明:宁夏总量减排与环境质量改善存在高度关联,拟合曲线均为一元线性回归曲线.随着SO2排放总量降低,重点城市空气质量稳步改善,两者呈现同向变化的趋势;随着COD排放总量降低,黄河宁夏段水环境质量稳步改善,两者亦呈现同向变化的趋势.宁夏总量减排在环境质量改善上成效已显现,污染防治政策较为成功,环保成绩显著.     

灰色系统模型在总悬浮物预测中的应用

以１９８６－１９９４年东北某城市总悬浮物统计资料为依据，应用灰色系统理论ＧＭ（１，１）模型对总量浮物数值进行预测分析。     

梯度淋洗离子色谱法测定饮用水中6种阴离子

采用离子色谱法同时测定饮用水中F-、Cl-、Br-、NO3-、SO24-、PO34-等6种阴离子,水样经0.22μm滤膜过滤,自动淋洗发生器产生20 mmol/L～40 mmol/L KOH淋洗液梯度洗脱,在流量0.25 mL/min条件下采用IonPac AG19保护柱和IonPac AS19分离柱分离和定量。方法线性良好,6种阴离子的检出限为0.005 mg/L～0.057 mg/L,标准溶液平行测定6次,测定值的RSD在0.5%～2.2%之间,水样加标回收率在83%～106%之间。     

Using a process-based model to understand dynamics of Chinese agricultural and water technology development from 8000 bc to 1911 ad

Advancements in technology are inextricably bound to our society and the natural environment. However, how the development process of a technology system interacts with both remains unclear. We propose a process model to understand the complex dynamics among technology, society, and the environment via seven interactive elements: technologies, actors, receiving bodies, natural contexts, social contexts, temporal–spatial contexts, and outcomes. The model was applied to agricultural and water technology development in China from 8000 bc to 1911 ad. Our findings show that these elements did not play equally important roles in different periods of the development in ancient China, with social contexts most dominating during the earlier periods and both social and environmental concerns arising towards the later periods. The proposed model, by identifying the elements in the technology development that should be strengthened, can act as an analysis device to assist in reconfiguring a more sustainable socio-technological system.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1007/s13280-020-01424-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

沿海城市风暴潮灾害风险评估研究述评

对风暴潮灾害形成机理、风暴潮灾害风险评估方法、灾害风险区划与等级评估、灾害损失评估等方面进行了梳理和分析,认为:①风暴潮灾害风险评估指标体系目前多为主要社会因子和经济损失因子,而忽视主要气象水文指标(最大增水、中心风速等)对风暴潮灾害的影响,研究发现,最大增水和风暴潮灾害呈正相关关系;可通过主成分分析等相关数学模型提取指标因子,避免指标选取主观随意性,又能够客观的确定指标因子的权重;②应建立统一的风暴潮灾害风险评估综合指标;提出建立灾害熵综合风险评估方法,定量的反映所研究区域灾害损失整体水平,灾害熵值也可作为划分灾害等级的分级量度。     

不同污染等级下阳泉市PM2.5传输特征和潜在源区分析

利用2020~2022年阳泉市的PM_2.5监测数据、NCEP数据及对应时刻天气形势分析的气象资料,采用 HYSPLIT4 后向轨迹模式,引入多站潜在源贡献因子分析法（MS-PSCF）和轨迹密度分析法（TDA）,对阳泉市PM_2.5传输通道和潜在源区分区域、分级别研究. 结果表明：①阳泉市PM_2.5污染主要集中在阳泉和平定,盂县相对较轻,阳泉和平定的不同污染等级天数占比及PM_2.5浓度的平均值和最高值均要明显比盂县高,PM_2.5分布特征与本地特殊地形密切相关. ②小风天气下不同污染等级PM_2.5污染次数最多、PM_2.5浓度最高;东西向区域输送对阳泉和平定PM_2.5污染次数和PM_2.5浓度影响明显,且偏东风贡献显著;盂县中度以上天气以本地污染源影响为主. ③中度以上污染天气生成维持的地面形势主要有4种,暖低压型（22%）、高压前部（底部）型（54%）、高压后部型（14%）和均压场型（10%）,高压前部（底部）型是造成PM_2.5浓度升高的主要地面形势;高空形势主要有2种,平直西风气流型（78%）和西北气流型（22%）,平直西风气流型是造成PM_2.5浓度升高的主要高空形势. ④MS-PSCF和TDA分析法得出的PM_2.5不同污染等级的传输通道和潜在源区结果具有一致性,PM_2.5主要传输通道为东北、东南和西北通道,东北和东南通道为短距离传输,是造成PM_2.5浓度增加的主要路径,西北通道与西北沙尘传输通道一致,属于长距离传输;PM_2.5主要的污染潜在源区位于河北中西部与东南部、河南东北部及其与山东西南部交界处、山西东南部.     

丹江口水库浮游细菌和氮磷循环基因垂直分布特征及其驱动因素

丹江口水库作为南水北调中线工程水源地,不同深度浮游细菌群落组成、 氮磷循环功能及其驱动因素尚未清晰. 选取丹江口水库5个生态点位,采用宏基因组学研究表层、 中层和底层垂直分布浮游细菌群落组成,分析预测氮磷循环功能及其驱动因素. 结果表明,丹江口水库主要由变形菌门、 放线菌门和浮霉菌门等优势种群组成,不同深度来源的浮游细菌群落结构具有显著差异,水温（T）、 氧化还原电位（ORP）、 溶解氧（DO）和Chla是影响浮游细菌群落组成的主要因素. 氮循环功能基因分析表明,主要涉及生物固氮过程、 硝化作用、 反硝化作用和异化硝酸盐还原作用等7个主要途径的gltB、 glnA、 gltD、 gdhA和NRT等39个氮循环功能基因. 磷循环功能基因分析表明,主要涉及有机磷矿化、 无机磷溶解、 调节等6个主要途径的pstS、 ppx-gppA、 glpQ和ppk1等54个磷循环功能基因. 聚类分析表明不同深度是影响氮磷循环功能基因组成和丰度的主要因素,表层和底层氮磷循环功能基因丰度高于中层样品. 奇异球菌属、 嗜氢菌属、 Limnohabitans和棍状杆菌属等是氮磷循环的关键物种. DO、 pH、 T、 总溶解性固体（TDS）、 电导率（EC）和Chla与氮磷循环功能基因显著相关,以上环境因子随丹江口水库深度增加浓度降低或升高,导致浮游细菌氮磷循环功能基因呈明显的垂直分布特征. 通过揭示丹江口水库不同深度浮游细菌群落组成、 氮磷循环功能及其影响因素,可为丹江口浮游细菌生态功能和多样性保护发挥潜在的作用.     

简析超声波声能密度对污泥减量的影响

介绍了超声波用于污泥减量的机理,研究了超声波声能密度对污泥减量的影响.研究表明当超声波频率为200 KHz,声能密度1.1W/mL,t=300 s,MISS减少率max=28.3%;SCOD从30 mg/L上升到110 mg/L.在声能密度0.22 W/mL时,t=450 s,MISS减少率max=12.8%;SCOD从30 mg/L上升到85 mg/L.另外,试验中还发现大功率超声波不利于提高污泥的脱水能力.