Survey of heavy metal pollution and assessment of agricultural soil in Yangzhong district, Jiangsu Province, China

We investigated concentrations of Hg, Cd, Pb, Zn, Cu, As, Ni, and Cr in samples of soil, cereal, and vegetables from Yangzhong district, China. Compared to subsoils, the sampled topsoils are enriched in Hg, Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn, and As. High levels of Cd and Hg are observed in most agricultural soils. Concentrations of Cr and Ni show little spatial variation, and high Cu, Pb, and Zn contents correspond well to areas of urban development. High As contents are primarily recorded at the two ends of the sampled alluvion. The contents of Cd, Hg, and total organic carbon (TOC) increase gradually to maximum values in the upper parts of soil profiles, while Cr and Ni occur in low concentrations within sampled profiles. As, Pb, Cu, and Zn show patterns of slight enrichment within the surface layer. Compared to data obtained in 1990, Cd and Hg show increased concentrations in 2005; this is attributed to the long-term use of agrochemicals. Cr and Ni contents remained steady over this interval because they are derived from the weathering of parent material and subsequent pedogenesis. The measured As, Cu, Pb, and Zn contents show slight increases over time due to atmospheric deposition of material sourced from urban anthropogenic activity. Low concentrations of heavy metals are recorded in vegetables and cereals because the subalkaline environment of the soil limits their mobility. Although the heavy metal concentrations measured in this study do not pose a serious health risk, they do affect the quality of agricultural products.     

Generalized models for prediction of pentachlorophenol dissipation dynamics in soils

Dissipation of pentachlorophenol (PCP) in soil was investigated and the chemical relationships with soil properties were addressed. The results indicate that the dissipation of extractable PCP residues can be described using first-order kinetics equations, with a half-dissipation time (T(1/2)) ranging from 6.5 to 173.3d. The sharply different patterns of PCP dissipation in different soils were closely related to soil properties. Correlations of stepwise regression equations obtained were significant at 0.01 probability level between soil parameters and extractable PCP residues (R(2)=0.974**) as well as T(1/2) values (R(2)=0.882**). Using pH together with organic carbon content (OC) and soil particle size distribution, the dissipation dynamics of PCP in soil could be accurately predicted.     

以锯末为微生物载体的好氧堆肥反应器对人粪便降解特性的研究

以锯末作为好氧堆肥反应器的微生物载体,研究反应器对人类粪便的降解特性.在98 d的堆肥反应试验中,每天定时、定量投加粪便并混合均匀.控制含水率和反应温度,对载体的总固体(TS)、有机质(VS)、灰分(Ash)和水溶性COD、总氮(TN)和氨氮(NH4 -N)含量进行了定量分析.研究结果表明,在载体体积为0.16 m3、每日定量投加1 kg粪便(4～5人的日排泄量)的条件下,载体中VS含量逐渐降低;灰分含量不断增加;水溶性COD去除率在前10 d迅速提高.第10天达到83.5%.并一直保持到反应末期;水溶性TN和NH4 -N含量在反应过程中约有50%损失,但其含量在载体中不断增大,最终分别达到12mg/g和6 mg/g.在整个过程中,反应器无臭无味,具有良好的卫生条件.因此,好氧堆肥反应器是一种可行的粪便处理设施,能有效降解有机物和保持肥分;在缺水或供水困难条件下,好氧堆肥反应器是一种良好的卫生和堆肥设备.     

西昌市13种野生蘑菇中汞含量分析及安全性评价

地球生态系统汞的水平一般非常低,但某些大型真菌对汞的强烈积累则是例外.分析了采集于四川省西昌市未受汞污染地方生长的13种野生蘑菇99个样品子实体中汞的含量,用原子荧光法测定蘑菇和蘑菇采集地土壤中的汞含量.野生蘑菇的汞含量随蘑菇种类的不同而不同,双色牛肝菌积累汞的能力最强,质量比为0.99 mg Hg/(kg·dw),生物富集常数(BCF)达2.01.提出野生蘑菇对汞的积累明显受介质汞水平的影响.分析的汞含量与早期的文献数据报道进行比较,评价了法律规定的人体吸收汞水平和食用蘑菇对人体汞吸收量的贡献,指出人们在消费蘑菇时可能存在的风险和应对措施.     

两种生物配体模型(BLM)预测Zn对大型蚤急性毒性的比较

通过天津地区一系列景观水体和配制的模拟溶液,评价应用于大型蚤(Daphnia magna)毒性预测的两种急性Zn-生物配体(BLM)模型(模型A和模型B)的预测能力.采用Visual MINTEQ 2.5.2进行BLM的相关计算和金属形态分析.对一定水化学参数的测定表明,根据Zn对大型蚤的急性毒性数据建立的模型B能够在Zn的生态风险评价中考虑其生物有效性,预测结果准确;以鱼类为对象开发并下调LA50后应用于水蚤毒性预测的模型A的预测值普遍高于实测值.可见,通过调整LA50拓展模型适用性的方法过于简单,还有待进一步研究.     

纳米Al2O3改性PVDF超滤膜处理含油污水研究

在有机高聚物聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)铸膜液中加入适量无机纳米Al2O3,采用相转化法合成无机改性有机超滤膜.改性PVDF膜的亲水性得到显著改善,进而提高了其通量和抗污染性能.用改性纳米Al2O3-PVDF管式膜装置处理含油污水,出水含油质量浓度0.2mg/L,悬浮固体质量浓度为0.2 mg/L,Toc去除率达98.86%,COD和浊度的去除率均达90%以上,粒径中值小于2 μm.研究表明,改性膜处理含油污水的出水指标均高于未改性膜.用扫描电镜对PVDF膜改性前后的污染情况进行观察和分析,并用不同的洗液对污染膜进行清洗,表明纳米Al2O3的加人明显改善了PVDF膜的抗污染性.用1%OP-10(pH值为10)表面活性剂洗液反冲洗,可使改性膜的通量恢复率达100%.     

高空核试验放射性烟云扩散的数值模拟研究

针对核试验期间的放射性烟云扩散,采用RAMS/CFORSⅡ模式,通过模拟两次高空核试验过程,研究烟云的空间分布、传输态势和地面沉降,模拟结果基本符合实际观测趋势.同时模拟得到了一些空爆核试验烟云在对流层和平流层中下层的传输规律.在空爆烟云的长距离传输中,主烟云受平流层西风急流影响明显,最快在爆后19 h东移出境;在西风急流之上和对流层中,传输速度明显减小,烟云的扩散和沉降维持了3 d以上.对流层中低层的天气系统对空爆烟云的近地面沉降有重要影响,较强的低压系统造成的地面沉降区域较小,接近均压场的天气形势造成的沉降区域较大,约比前者大1倍.较大的粒子主要在爆后前两天沉降在中国西部地区,东部以小粒子沉降为主,出现在第3 d.小粒子的放射性很小,日沉降量在10-2～101 Bq/m2之间,与天然放射性本底值相当.     

Filterability of oil sands tailings

In Canadian oil sands mining operations, bitumen is extracted from oil sands using the hot water extraction process, which produces tremendous amounts of tailings. Currently, these tailings are disposed of in large ponds, in which coarse particles settle out relatively quickly and fine particles remain suspended in water and settle very slowly. After years of settling, the fine particles form a stable suspension in water known as mature fine tailings (MFTs). Long-term storage of the MFT is costly and poses a major environmental liability.Oil sands companies are now actively investigating different approaches to replace or reduce the use of oil sands tailings ponds. Filtration of the tailings to produce “dry tailings” for stacking is now being investigated as an alternative by a number of companies. Fast water drainage is a critical step for the filtration process. In this paper, we use simple laboratory-scale filtration tests to evaluate the filterability of the oil sands tailings and to generate a parameter that can be used in filtration scale-up. It was found that the filterability of the original coarse oil sands tailings was relatively low. However, after the fines are flocculated with the coarse particles to form uniform flocs the filterability was improved by several orders of magnitude. The results demonstrate that filtration of the flocculated coarse tailings to produce the “dry” stackable tailings may be viable.     

HF与PVC塑料燃烧性能比对

本文利用氧指数测定、DSC-TG热分析和水平垂直燃烧方法研究了HF与PVC塑料的燃烧性能。实验表明工程塑料（除HF-5006型外）都有较高氧指数,并且在燃烧时释放出大量的有毒烟雾和刺激性气体,火灾危险性大。特别是HF-5006型工程塑料的火灾危险性相对较大,因而建议不宜作为建筑材料使用。