三价铁促进生物氧化锰稳定土壤砷的效果和机制

通过室内模拟实验,研究了三价铁对生物氧化锰（BMO）稳定化砷污染土壤的促进效果与作用机制.实验结果表明：三价铁的添加提高了BMO对土壤中砷的稳定化效率,当三价铁以质量分数百分比（以Fe计）为0.5%、1%、2%和4%添加时,砷的稳定化效率由单独BMO处理的63.02%增加至86.04%、93.86%、96.56%和97.98%;由连续提取实验结果可知,添加三价铁能够促进土壤中砷的结合形态由可交换态、专属吸附态向无定型铁锰结合态和结晶型铁锰结合态转变,增强土壤中砷的稳定化作用;风险分析进一步表明添加三价铁后砷的环境风险由中风险转变为低风险;矿物晶体结构分析表明,添加三价铁后土壤中出现水铁矿、纤铁矿等次生铁氧化物,这些铁氧化物对土壤中砷有良好的吸附固定能力.总体而言,三价铁的存在能够提高BMO对砷污染土壤的稳定化效率,但三价铁的添加量不宜过高,否则会引起土壤酸化问题.     

国土生态修复研究的演进脉络与前沿进展

国土生态修复是推进生态保护修复、服务生态文明建设和加速现代化发展的重大举措,对于人类生存和社会进步具有重要意义。采用文献计量和网络分析方法,以Web of Science数据库中1196篇文献作为研究对象,剖析国土生态修复研究动态趋势、合作关系和研究热点,进一步辨析演进脉络和前沿进展。研究表明：（1）国土生态修复问题受到学术界广泛关注,研究文献主要集中在生态学和环境学领域;（2）美国等发达国家的学者和机构在该领域影响力突出,中国显现出强劲的发展潜力,是新兴合作团体核心成员,中国科学院已成为全球最具影响力的机构;（3）以生态为核心的水、土壤和人口等要素是该领域主要研究对象,人文和自然学科交叉下的综合性研究是该领域未来发展趋势。     

Modifying glass fiber surface with grafting acrylamide by UV-grafting copolymerization for preparation of glass fiber reinforced PVDF composite membrane

Experimental design and response surface methodology(RSM) were used to optimize the modification of conditions for glass surface grafting with acrylamide(AM) monomer for preparation of a glass fiber reinforced poly(vinylidene fluoride)(PVDF) composite membrane(GFRP-CM). The factors considered for experimental design were the UV(ultraviolet)-irradiation time, the concentrations of the initiator and solvent, and the kinds and concentrations of the silane coupling agent. The optimum operating conditions determined were UV-irradiation time of 25 min, an initiator concentration of 0–0.25 wt.%,solvent of N-Dimethylacetamide(DMAC), and silane coupling agent KH570 with a concentration of 7 wt.%. The obtained optimal parameters were located in the valid region and the experimental confirmation tests conducted showed good accordance between predicted and experimental values. Under these optimal conditions, the water absorption of the grafted modified glass fiber was improved from 13.6% to 23%; the tensile strength was enhanced and the peeling strength of the glass fiber reinforced PVDF composite membrane was improved by 23.7% and 32.6% with an AM concentration at 1 wt.% and 2 wt.%. The surface composition and microstructure of AM grafted glass fiber were studied via several techniques including Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy(FESEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy-attenuated total reflectance(FTIR-ATR) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy(EDX). The analysis of the EDX and FTIR-ATR results confirmed that the AM was grafted to the glass fiber successfully by detecting and proving the existence of nitrogen atoms in the GFRP-CM.     

Nontargeted identification of peptides and disinfection byproducts in water

A broad range of organic compounds are known to exist in drinking water sources and serve as precursors of disinfection byproducts(DBPs).Epidemiological findings of an association of increased risk of bladder cancer with the consumption of chlorinated water has resulted in health concerns about DBPs.Peptides are thought to be an important category of DBP precursors in water.However,little is known about the actual presence of peptides and their DBPs in drinking water because of their high sample complexity and low concentrations.To address this challenge and identify peptides and non-chlorinated/chlorinated peptide DBPs from large sets of organic compounds in water,we developed a novel high throughput analysis strategy,which integrated multiple solid phase extraction(SPE),high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC)separation,and non-target identification using precursor ion exclusion(PIE)high resolution mass spectrometry(MS).After MS analysis,structures of candidate compounds,particularly peptides,were obtained by searching against the Human Metabolome Database(HMDB).Using this strategy,we successfully detected 625 peptides(out of 17,205 putative compounds)and 617 peptides(out of 13,297)respectively in source and finished water samples.The source and finished water samples had 501 peptides and amino acids in common.The remaining 116 peptides and amino acids were unique to the finished water.From a subset of 30 putative compounds for which standards were available,25 were confirmed using HPLC-MS analysis.By analyzing the peptides identified in source and finished water,we successfully confirmed three disinfection reaction pathways that convert peptides into toxic DBPs.     

SBR工艺活性污泥驯化过程中微型动物群落物种多样性及其稳定性研究

以SBR反应器培养驯化阶段的活性污泥微型动物群落为研究对象,系统考察了活性污泥驯化过程中微型动物群落结构与优势种群变化规律,同时探讨了微型动物群落物种多样性及其稳定性.结果表明,1活性污泥培养驯化是微型动物群落类群和种属增多后趋于稳定的过程:污泥培养驯化过程中微型动物群落,由驯化初期以鞭毛虫为单一优势类群向鞭毛虫、匍匐型纤毛虫、固着型纤毛虫、肉食性纤毛虫等4个共优势类群演变,优势种属也由单一的波豆虫属(Bodo sp.)逐步向波豆虫属(Bodo sp.)、钟虫属(Vorticella sp.)、累枝虫属(Epistylis sp.)、楯纤虫属(Aspidisca sp.)、斜管虫属(Chilodonella sp.)、半眉虫属(Hemiophrys sp.)等6个共优势种属演变;2活性污泥培养驯化是微型动物群落物种多样性水平增高后趋于稳定的过程:Shannon-Wiener多样性指数H'在培养驯化过程中先急剧增大后小幅降低直至相对稳定,较培养驯化前增大约75%;3活性污泥培养驯化是微型动物群落趋于稳定的过程:驯化初期到中期微型动物群落稳定性略有减小,驯化中期到后期有较大的增加并趋于稳定,这是微型动物群落总多度、物种数均先增大后逐渐趋于稳定的结果;4微型动物群落稳定滞后于其污泥成熟与污水处理效能稳定.     

中国环境污染损害鉴定评估研究进展

环境污染损害鉴定评估是新时代环保工作的重要领域,是公众对人体健康和生态环境安全提出的更高要求,也是环境司法案件审理公平合理的迫切需求.开展环境污染损害鉴定评估工作即可以使环境私益损害得到足额赔偿,有利于环境公益损害赔偿的推动,又能通过提高环境污染成本,促使企业和地方加大环保投入,从而降低环境污染突发事故风险.该文简要概述了环境污染损害鉴定评估的基本概念,并从其发展历程和存在问题等方面探讨中国环境污染损害鉴定评估的研究进展,最后对其未来发展进行展望.     

台州市流域水环境承载力研究

采用指标体系评价法研究台州市椒江水系和金清河网水环境承载力,选取了水资源开发利用水平、经济社会发展水平、环境纳污水平、环境保护与治理水平四大类17个评价指标,通过层次分析法对椒江水系、金清河网两大流域水环境承载力现状进行评价,研究结果表明两大流域现状水环境承载力综合指数分别为0.7644和0.5808,属于山溪型流域的椒江水系水环境承载力能力远大于平原河网型的金清河网.并进一步设置了四种中远期情景方案,预测不同发展模式下水环境承载力变化情况,结果表明四种方案对提高流域水环境承载力贡献大小关系为:方案2>方案3>方案4>方案1,提高环保投入、加强环境治理水平的方案对流域水环境承载力提升最有利.     

盐度水平对不同盐渍化程度土壤氧化亚氮排放的影响

选取内蒙古河套灌区3种不同盐渍化程度土壤(盐土、重度盐渍化土壤和轻度盐渍化土壤),采用室内培养方法,用不同浓度KCl溶液调节不同盐渍化程度土壤盐含量分别为原土壤盐含量(对照)的2倍和3倍,研究盐分对不同盐渍化程度土壤氧化亚氮(N_2O)排放的影响.结果表明,盐分含量显著影响不同盐渍化程度土壤N_2O排放.无外源盐分加入时,不同盐碱程度土壤中盐土N_2O排放量最高,重度盐渍化土壤次之,轻度盐渍化土壤最低.外源盐加入后,随盐度梯度升高,与其对照相比,盐土N_2O排放量降低;重度盐渍化土壤N_2O排放量呈现先增加后降低趋势;轻度盐渍化土壤N_2O排放量升高.与其对照相比,土壤的盐分含量增加2倍时,盐土N_2O排放量减少90%;轻度盐渍化土壤N_2O排放量增加9倍.外源盐加入不同盐渍化程度土壤对N_2O排放的影响程度取决于土壤培养前后铵态氮含量差值,加入外源盐后,N_2O累积排放变化量的94.6%由土壤NH_4~+-N含量差值解释(R2=0.95,p0.01).     

油酸钠对餐厨垃圾两相厌氧发酵中利用乙酸产甲烷过程的影响

为了研究餐厨垃圾油脂中含有的长链脂肪酸(主要是油酸)对两相厌氧发酵中利用乙酸产甲烷过程的影响,采用中温(35±1)℃批式发酵,以浓度为10 g·L~(-1)的餐厨垃圾厌氧发酵产甲烷相出水为接种液,以乙酸为底物,考察了添加不同浓度油酸钠对累积甲烷产量、产甲烷古菌数量以及发酵过程中乙酸代谢和氢气分压的影响.结果表明:1产甲烷延滞期随油酸钠浓度增加而延长.2油酸钠浓度低于6.0 g·L~(-1)的处理组经过延滞期后乙酸代谢恢复正常,可以完全被转化为甲烷,且部分油酸钠也可被转化为甲烷;油酸钠浓度高于8.0 g·L~(-1)的处理组乙酸代谢受到严重抑制,只有少量甲烷生成;油酸钠生成中间代谢产物,且甲烷转化率为0.3油酸钠对厌氧发酵中产甲烷古菌有严重的抑制作用,产甲烷古菌数量大幅度减少是乙酸代谢过程受到抑制的主要原因.4油酸钠的添加量超过6.0 g·L~(-1)时,在发酵初期会引起产甲烷相中氢分压的升高,也证实了油酸钠对厌氧发酵的抑制作用.