Water shortages and countermeasures for sustainable utilisation in the context of climate change in the Yellow River Delta region,China

With an increasing population and rapid development of the economy and society of the Yellow River Basin region, the Yellow River is at crisis point. The discrepancy between supply and demand of water resources is a key issue. In 2000–2006, the mean annual discharge of the Yellow River entering the delta was 13.2 billion m³, a reduction of 18.6 billion m³ compared with the 1980s, and 9 billion m³ less than in the 1990s. The water requirements of various sectors are increasing. Large amounts of water essential to maintain the health of the delta ecosystem have been diverted for other users. The lower river channel is shrinking and the threat of flooding is becoming severe. Moreover, water pollution is increasing to a serious level; the river mouth ecosystem is subject to degradation. Due to overall decreased flow into the delta, and almost no flow into the delta for much of the year except in wet periods, biodiversity is threatened and there has been degradation of the ecological environment. In view of the water scarcity and variation in water supply, particularly in the context of climate change, measures need to be taken to realise sustainable water use in the Yellow River Delta region. In view of the lack of a complete index system for sustainable utilisation of regional water resources in China, this paper examines the major countermeasures for sustainable water use in the region. A rational adjustment mechanism for water prices is needed. Adjustment of agricultural infrastructure and water saving need to be directed by water prices, and thus the reasonable exploitation of groundwater must also be directed by water prices. Participation of the public is to be encouraged, with the development of a water user association that will become involved in formulating water rights, water allocation and water prices. Decision-making, management and supervision of this association will be done in a democratic way to promote the social management of water saving.     

隧道衬砌空洞积水的探地雷达识别研究

衬砌空洞是运营隧道中的常见病害,由于其内部介质复杂,尤其当积水存在时,探地雷达(GPR)识别存在较大难度和误差。针对空洞积水的情况,利用MATLAB编程,建立空洞和不同电导率的空洞积水数值模型,用时域有限差分法(FDTD)进行探地雷达二维正演模拟,通过分析正演图谱和单道波形,得出空洞及积水的响应规律。制作隧道衬砌混凝土模型,应用探地雷达扫描测试,并与正演模拟结果进行对比分析。结果表明,雷达正演与模型试验结果相似;未积水的空洞反射波相位与入射波相反;空洞积水的雷达信号反射更明显,其反射波相位与入射波相同;电磁波在水介质中迅速衰减,空洞积水时,其大小难以定量识别。     

Reduction of carbon dioxide into tetraiodomethane at 1?atm

We here report that by using electronegative gas of iodine and CO₂ under negative corona discharge, tetraiodomethane could be synthesized at 70?°C and 1?atm without any catalyst, despite thermodynamically infeasible at ambience without electron discharge. The conversion of carbon dioxide reached 88.71?% at a gas flow rate of 0.06?L/min and a discharge frequency of 9.608?kHz. The anion-involved CO₂ reduction process could be implemented efficiently under mild conditions, avoiding high temperature and high pressure.     

袋式除尘器稀相气力输灰技术研究

介绍了袋式除尘器稀相气力输灰技术,并对其相关试验系统进行了描述,分析了各阻力系数与料气比之间的关系,给出了各阻力系数的取值范围,供工程设计人员参考。     

加氢装置丙烯罐泄漏事故应急救援预案

主要针对化工事业部重大危险源加氢装置丙烯罐的泄漏事故建立企业级现场预案,从应急管理的六个一级关键要素:方针与原则、应急策划、应急准备、应急响应、现场恢复和预案管理与评审改进来规范应急预案的编写,为应急救援人员进行大型事故处理和策划实地演练提供指导.     

基于ISO 26262的车道偏离预警系统概念设计与仿真

以道路车辆功能安全规范标准ISO 26262为准则,对汽车的车道偏离预警系统（LDWS）进行了概念设计。首先分析了ISO 26262功能安全规范概念阶段的活动内容,并在此基础上,完成车道偏离预警系统的项目定义、危险分析和评估,设计了功能安全概念的相关工作,确定了功能安全等级和安全目标。最后搭建了UML仿真模型对LDWS概念设计阶段进行仿真测试,测试结果表明此设计能够满足ISO 26262规范标准,实现了车道偏离预警系统的功能安全概念设计,对车道偏离预警系统的安全开发具有指导意义。     

低浓度二噁英抑制青鳉幼鱼耳泡生成与SOX9b相关联

2,3,7,8-四氯二苯并对二恶英(2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-Dioxin,TCDD)是一种持久性环境有机污染物质,它在有机体内的蓄积性引起研究人员的重视。以青鳉胚胎作为实验动物模型,使用原位杂交和定量聚合酶链锁反应(Polymerase Chain Reaction,PCR)技术从分子水平探讨了TCDD对胚胎耳泡的发育及其毒性作用机制。结果表明,TCDD造成青鳉幼鱼耳泡生成障碍。通过原位杂交和q PCR分析表明,TCDD引起软骨发育的变化与SOX9b表达降低有密切的关联。研究认为青鳉胚胎是一种非常敏感的TCDD模式动物,其耳泡软骨发育以及SOX9b基因表达可能是一种二恶英发育毒性的效应标记物。     

下垫面条件对流域极端事件影响及综合应对框架

在剖析下垫面条件变化对流域极端水文事件演变影响的基础上,构建了流域极端水文事件综合应对技术框架,并阐述其中的关键研究命题。结果表明,自然植被条件能够提高流域干旱之前土壤含水量并降低干旱过程中土壤蒸发速率,在一定程度上起到减缓干旱的强度和持续时间的作用;水利工程通过调节流域水资源的时空分布,增加可利用水资源量,能够缓解甚至规避流域干旱事件,但同时可能加剧坝址下游地区的干旱程度。自然植被条件将延长降水坡面产-汇流历时、降低洪峰流量,对极端降水洪涝事件具有一定的消减作用;此外,流域水土保持和修建水利工程等下垫面条件改变有利于河道行洪过程,能够起到缓解洪涝事件的作用。基于下垫面条件变化的流域极端水文事件综合应对技术框架包括旱涝事件监测、机理识别、影响评价和综合应对四个方面的内容,其中的关键研究命题主要为下垫面条件变化对流域极端水文事件影响的定量评估、面向流域极端水文事件合理的水土资源配置及其集成管理等。     

施工场地内安全标志位置的有效性研究及其应用

为提高施工场地内安全标志的可见性,选择建筑施工场地内常见的门架式出入口作为研究对象,采取理论推导与实验验证相结合的方法,探讨在观察行为中门架式安全标志的有效布置位置.首先在理论层面,从观察者的角度出发,通过研究行走路径、视野以及安全标志可见域之间的关系,推导出门架式安全标志有效布置区域的理论表示范围;然后在实验验证层面...     

Assessment of organochlorine pesticide contamination in waterbirds from an agricultural region,Central China

Twenty-one organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were measured in the muscle of six predominant waterbird species from Jianghan Plain, Hubei Province, Central China. Among OCPs, DDTs were the most prevalent compounds, with average concentration ranging from 31.1 to 1445 ng/g lipid weight. Little egrets (Egretta garzetta) and Chinese pond herons (Ardeola bacchus) showed significantly higher concentrations of OCPs (p < 0.05) due to their dietary habits and migratory patterns. There were no statistically significant differences (p > 0.05) for most OCPs between sex and age groups. The accumulation profiles of HCHs and DDTs suggested that these OCPs in Jianghan Plain were largely derived from historical usage. Risk assessment indicated that heptachlor could be likely to pose adverse health effects on people consuming ducks in Jianghan Plain.