室内空气污染调查

为了解室内空气污染状况,广州市环境监测中心站对刚装修不久的10套私人居室和5家单位办公室的室内空气进行了监测。结果表明,甲醛、苯、NH3、NOx浓度超标,最高超标倍数分别为：甲醛22.0倍,苯3.01倍,NH3 2.58倍,NOx0.30倍。指出,这些污染物主要来源于装修材料和建筑材料,会对人体健康造成危害。提出,为防止室内空气污染,应从源头抓起,装修时尽量选用低毒或无毒的材料,装修后的居室或办公室要保持通风,以降低室内污染物浓度,进驻前请有关权威部门进行监测评估。另外可在室内摆放绿色植物,以吸附一些有毒化合物。     

Occurrence and removal of endocrine-disrupting chemicals in wastewater treatment plants in the Three Gorges Reservoir area, Chongqing, China

Concentrations of six endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs), bisphenol A (BPA), estrone (E(1)), 17β-estradiol (E(2)), estriol (E(3)), 17α-ethynylestradiol (EE(2)) and diethylstilbestrol (DES), were assessed in influents, effluents and excess sludge in ten municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR) area, Chongqing, China. Three types of activated sludge treatment processes, oxidation ditch (OD), reversed anaerobic-anoxic-oxic (rA(2)/O) technology and sequential batch reactor (SBR), were used in the surveyed WWTPs. These WWTPs were all combined landfill leachate-sewage treatment plants. All analytes were extracted by solid-phase extraction (SPE) in the dissolved phase and by accelerated solvent-based extraction (ASE) in sludge. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was employed for the analysis of EDCs. Among these EDCs, BPA was the most frequently detected and abundant compound (100.0-10566.7 ng L(-1), 15.5-1210.7 ng L(-1) and 85.0-2470.4 ng g(-1) with respect to the influents, effluents and excess sludge samples). The greatest levels of steroidal estrogens in municipal influents were observed in E(3) which were all >100 ng L(-1), followed by E(1) (42.2-110.7 ng L(-1)) and E(2) (7.4-32.7 ng L(-1)), and in the effluents and sludge were E(1) > E(3) > E(2) which were all <31 ng L(-1) and 105 ng g(-1), respectively. Regarding synthetic estrogens, EE(2) was frequently detected in the influents, occurring below 50 ng L(-1), while DES was not detected at all. A high correlation coefficient was observed between the leachate-sludge ratio and concentrations of influent EDCs, and it was statistically significant (i.e., R > 0.65, P < 0.05), but removal efficiency of the EDCs did not show significant differences with OD, rA(2)/O and SBR processes. Furthermore, modification of treatment technology as well as operational parameters, such as hydraulic retention time (HRT), sludge retention time (SRT) and disinfection process (DP), were recommended to further eliminate the residual EDCs.     

倒置A2/O污水处理工艺的特点及应用实例

传统A2/O工艺在保证脱氮效果的同时除磷效果往往不佳.在充分分析传统A2/O工艺的基础上,提出了将缺氧池置于厌氧池前面,厌氧池后设置好氧池的分点进水倒置A2/O工艺.某污水厂的现场试验表明,在COD去除能力与常规A2/O工艺相当的情况下,倒置A2/O工艺的脱氮除磷功能明显优于常规A2/O工艺.     

大型UASB处理阿维菌素废水厌氧污泥颗粒化研究

采用大型UASB反应器处理阿维菌素废水,接种好氧絮状污泥,经过189 d运行,成功实现了厌氧污泥颗粒化.通过调节反应器进水水质控制进水中阿维菌素浓度和长时间培养驯化,阿维菌素对厌氧消化的抑制影响基本消除.UASB反应器进水pH值4～5、COD 8890～12 100 mg/L、容积负荷达到10.5 kg COD/m3·d,COD去除率稳定在85%以上,出水COD为1308～1670 mg/L.     

植物源杀虫剂川楝素对环境生物安全性评价

评价农药对环境中非靶标生物的毒性是新农药开发应用的重要环节.依据国家环境保护局"化学农药环境安全评价试验准则",测定了78%川楝素原粉和0.5%川楝素乳油对生态环境中非靶标生物的毒性,并进行了安全性评价.结果表明,川楝素原粉对鹌鹑、家蚕、蜜蜂、蚯蚓、瓢虫、蝌蚪等非靶标生物均为低毒;川楝素乳油对家蚕、蜜蜂、蚯蚓、瓢虫等均为低毒,对家蚕的生长发育具有一定的影响,对鹌鹑中毒,对蝌蚪高毒.可见,植物源杀虫剂川楝素对环境非靶标生物毒性低、较为安全,但在水田及桑园应慎用0.5%川楝素乳油.     

城市污水处理厂二级出水深度处理回用的设计与运行

将城市污水作为工业循环冷却补充水的水源已成为世界各国解决缺水问题的主要方案之一,但二级出水水质不符合循环冷却水对CODCr、硬度、氮、磷等指标要求,必须对其进行深度处理才能回用。本设计采用生物接触氧化+絮凝沉淀+机械搅拌澄清+连续动态过滤+消毒工艺,其出水补充至电厂循环冷却水系统。运行实践表明,该工艺处理效率高,动力消耗少,出水水质达到循环冷却水水质标准,且经过对工艺的改进完善,使操作更加简便,设备运行更加稳定。     

转炉除尘水用于烧结烟气脱硫的实验

在实验室进行转炉除尘水脱除模拟烧结烟气中二氧化硫的模拟实验。考察风速、入口二氧化硫浓度、液气比、反应接触时间、温度等因素对脱硫率的影响。研究表明,在设计的实验条件下,通过对实验参数的控制,用转炉除尘水可以取得很好的脱硫效果。     

中国北方地区年降水与气温关系及其时空变异性

降水与气温之间的不同关系类型对植被、水资源、生态环境等有着不同的影响,全面揭示大范围多气候类型区关系类型及其时空变异性和影响成为重要研究内容.文章以范围较广、涵盖气候类型较多的中国北方地区为研究区,利用研究区及其周边的357个高密度气象站点1951—2016年年降水量、气温数据,采用中心聚类等方法,定性、定量揭示了中国...     

密云水库中微塑料的污染特征及生态风险评估

城市供水水库的微塑料污染近年来受到广泛关注.密云水库作为北京市重要的饮用水水源地,有必要对其微塑料污染现状进行全面调查.本研究以密云水库的表层水、沉积物和鱼类为研究对象,调查了微塑料的丰度、分布和组成特征,揭示了微塑料的来源及生态风险.结果表明表层水,沉积物和鱼类肠道中微塑料的平均丰度分别为(6.83±1.87) n·L^-1,(408±141) n·kg^-1和(3.93±2.80) n·ind^-1.微塑料在表层水和沉积物中的空间分布归因于水流方向、人类活动和水坝阻挡.鱼类肠道中微塑料丰度分布差异与栖息地和摄食习惯不同有关,水体上层的滤食性鱼类微塑料污染最严重.在所有样本中,纤维状、≤0.5 mm及透明的微塑料占比较高,聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(47.64%)/聚丙烯(20.03%)和聚乙烯(18.35%)为主要聚合物类型.对微塑料污染特征分析,指出密云水库微塑料的主要来源为人类日常生活、渔业活动和农业生产活动,途径为大气沉降和降雨径流.利用风险指数和污染负荷指数对表层水和沉积物的微塑料污染进行评估,结果显示整体风险较低.本研...