基于KPCA-APSO-ELM的矿井涌水水源识别

矿井水害问题长期困扰着煤矿的安全生产,查明矿井涌水水源是矿井水害防治问题的前提。为提高矿井涌水水源的识别精度,提出了一种基于KPCA-APSO-ELM的矿井涌水水源判别模型。以袁二矿为例,在分析主要含水层地下水水化学特征的基础上,选取7种水化学离子作为判别指标。随后利用KPCA提取主要指标作为模型识别的判别因子,并通过APSO对ELM模型进行参数寻优。以63组样本数据中70%作为训练样本、30%作为预测样本进行仿真试验建立KPCA-APSO-ELM模型,并将识别结果与PCA-Logistic、KPCA-ELM和PSO-ELM模型进行比较。结果表明：KPCA算法可以有效消除指标间的冗余信息,基于KPCA-APSO-ELM模型的预测精度相对较高;与其他模型相比,该模型的均方误差和平均绝对百分比误差显著降低。     

ZnO/氧化石墨烯的制备及其对亚硝酸盐的光催化降解

利用沉淀法制备了ZnO光催化剂,并将其负载在氧化石墨烯上,制得ZnO/氧化石墨烯复合材料,研究了该复合材料对亚硝酸钠的光催化降解效果。采用XRD和SEM技术对光催化剂进行表征。考察了初始亚硝酸钠质量浓度、溶液pH、ZnO/氧化石墨烯加入量对亚硝酸钠降解效果的影响。表征结果显示：ZnO/氧化石墨烯晶体的晶型发育良好、结晶度高;新生成的混晶结构提高了催化剂的光催化活性。实验结果表明：在初始亚硝酸钠质量浓度246 mg/L、溶液pH 5、ZnO/氧化石墨烯加入量1.0 g/L的条件下,经过150 min的紫外光降解,亚硝酸钠的质量浓度降至70 mg/L,亚硝酸钠的降解率为71.38%;ZnO与氧化石墨烯的协同效应有效提高了光催化反应体系的效率,ZnO/氧化石墨烯对亚硝酸钠的降解能力远高于氧化石墨烯和ZnO。     

Influence of carbon sources on nutrient removal in A/O-MBRs: Availability assessment of internal carbon source

Both internal carbon source and some external carbon sources were used to improve the nutrient removal in Anaerobic-Anoxic-Oxic-Membrane Bioreactor (A²/O-MBRs), and their technical and cost analysis was investigated. The experimental results showed that the nutrient removals were improved by all the carbon source additions. The total nitrogen and phosphorus removal efficiency were higher in the experiments with external carbon source additions than that with internal carbon source addition. It was found that pathways of nitrogen and phosphorus transform were different dependent on different carbon source additions by the mass balance analysis. With external carbon source addition, the simultaneous nitrification and denitrification occurred in aerobic zone, and the P-uptake in aerobic phase was evident. Therefore, with addition of C-MHP (internal carbon source produced from sludge pretreatment by microwave-H₂O₂ process), the denitrification and phosphorus-uptake in anoxic zone was notable. Cost analysis showed that the unit nitrogen removal costs were 57.13 CNY/kg N of C-acetate addition and 54.48 CNY/kgN of C-MHP addition, respectively. The results indicated that the C-MHP has a good technical and economic feasibility to substitute external carbon sources partially for nutrient removal.     

胶束强化超滤处理阿特拉津的研究

常规处理工艺并不能有效去除水中的环境内分泌干扰物质。研究采用十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)为表面活性剂对阿特拉津进行增溶,并采用聚砜超滤膜和SDS胶束强化超滤处理阿特拉津。考察了SDS浓度、操作压力、无机盐、β-环糊精和烷基多苷(APG)等因素对工艺的影响。结果表明,胶束强化超滤对阿特拉津的去除率可达80%以上,无机盐、β-环糊精、APG和SDS的复配可以提高阿特拉津的去除率。     

浅析室内空气污染

室内空气污染会引发呼吸道疾病,并对神经系统、免疫系统和肝脏都有毒害作用,还是多种流行病传播的媒介,已成为多种疾病发生率提高的主要致病因素,严重影响了人们正常的工作和生活.本文从消费、城市规划和政策法规的角度,分析了产生室内空气污染的主要原因;提出了可以从装修方案设计和建材选择、先进净化技术的采用、选择合理入住时间、健全室内空气质量监测指标、发挥政府调控作用、合理规划城市功能六个方面采取措施,进行室内空气污染的防治.为实现城市居民生活的安全、舒适、健康、美观提供了可参照的科学方法.     

面向Web的环境信息系统设计与实现

从开发的角度阐述了解决降低环境空间数据采集成本、提高环境信息的共享程度和范围的最佳途径，即通过建立面向Web的环境信息系统（Web-EIS），使不同部门、不同地区、不同领域之间直接进行信息共享和综合应用。对Web-EIS的构架、设计和实现方法进行了详细的分析，并以利用Java编程语言的方法开发出面向Web的武汉市城市环境地理信息系统为例介绍了其功能特点，很好地实现了Web-EIS。     

改性玉米秸秆对水中磷酸根的吸附动力学研究

将化学改性后的玉米秸秆制备阴离子交换剂,重点研究了改性玉米秸秆对磷酸根的吸附动力学特性.通过静态实验,考察了在不同pH、温度、磷酸根初始浓度条件下,改性玉米秸秆对磷酸根吸附效果的影响,并分别用伪一级动力学方程、伪二级动力学方程、修正伪一级动力学方程和颗粒内扩散方程进行拟合,计算出相应的速率常数.结果表明,Langmuir等温模式能更好地描述改性玉米秸秆对磷酸根的吸附效果,并且随着温度的升高,改性玉米秸秆对磷酸根的最大吸附量逐渐减小.改性玉米秸秆对磷酸根的吸附是一个快速吸附过程,30 min内即可达到吸附平衡,该吸附过程符合伪二级动力学方程和颗粒内扩散方程,吸附速率主要受颗粒内扩散控制.随着初始浓度的增大,伪二级吸附速率常数逐渐减小,颗粒内扩散速率常数逐渐增大.通过改性玉米秸秆对磷酸根的吸附动力学研究,可以为反应器的设计和污水处理装置的运行提供基础信息,对于去除水溶液中磷酸根的技术应用具有重要实际意义.     

再生水补充地下水水质指标及控制技术

再生水补充地下水是扩大污水回用最有益的一种方式,具有广阔发展前景.本文分析与总结了国内外再生水补充地下水研究与应用实例、水质标准,结合我国再生水的水质特点及水文地质状况,从保护地下水资源和人体健康的角度,探讨了我国利用再生水补充地下水应控制的水质指标及控制技术.按地表回灌和井灌方式分别提出了水质基本控制项目COD、BOD、氨氮、粪大肠菌群数等22项,选择控制项目Hg、三氯甲烷等重金属和微污染有机物52项及其建议指标值,并提出了再生水处理控制技术.     

Optimized coagulation pretreatment alleviates ultrafiltration membrane fouling: The role of floc properties and slow-mixing speed on mechanisms of chitosan-assisted coagulation

To alleviate ultrafiltration(UF) membrane fouling, the pre-coagulation of poly-aluminum chloride(PACl) with the aid of chitosan(CTS) was conducted for synthetic humic acid–kaolin water treatment. Pre-coagulation of three molecular weights(MW) CTSs(50–190 kDa(CTSL), 190–310 kDa(CTSM) and 310–375 kDa(CTSH)) was optimized with slow-mixing speeds of 30, 60 and 90 r/min, respectively. The removal efficiency and floc properties as well as membrane fouling were analyzed, and were compared to results obtained by conventional coagulation with PACl. Results showed that variations in floc properties could be ascribed to the coagulation mechanisms of CTS_L/CTS_M/CTS_H at different slow-mixing speeds, resulting in reduced UF membrane fouling. Specifically, at the low speed of 30 r/min, all three CTS types produced flocs with similar properties, while CTSLresulted in the lowest removal efficiency and aggravated irreversible fouling. At the appropriate speed of 60 r/min, CTSMgenerated the most compact flocs with the combined effects of bridging and path mechanisms. The compact cake layer formed could alleviate irreversible fouling,which was beneficial for prolonging the operation of the UF membrane. At the high speed of90 r/min, CTSHformed fragile flocs and aggravated irreversible membrane fouling. We considered membrane fouling to be affected by floc properties and the resultant removal efficiency, which was governed by the MW of the CTS used and the slow-mixing speed applied as well.     

太湖水体漫衰减系数特征及其对水生态环境影响分析

利用2006年10～11月太湖全湖不同区域光学属性的测量数据,就太湖水体漫衰减系数(K_d)特征、各影响因子对K_d的贡献率以及K_d对太湖水生态系统的影响进行分析.结果表明,太湖水体的漫衰减系数K_d以571 nm为分界点,在整个可见光波长范围内(400～700 nm)主要呈现2种变化趋势.第1种,在<571 nm波长范围内,K_d随着波长的增加呈现指数形式衰减,第2种,在>571 nm波长范围内,K_d表现为波动形式;在400～700 nm波长范围内,色素颗粒物的吸收系数是漫衰减系数第一贡献者,非色素颗粒物吸收系数和散射系数处于第二贡献者地位,而黄质吸收系数的贡献率相对最小;太湖水体漫衰减系数决定了太湖水生态系统中的光生态因子,K_d形成的“水体窗口”影响了太湖水域不同类型生态系统的形成,并为太湖“水华”的优势藻类铜绿微囊藻的出现提供了水下光场依据.