基于奇异谱分析和极限学习机的风速多步预测

风速预测对风力发电系统具有重要的影响,为获得更高精度的风速预测结果,针对多步风速预测,成功开发了一种基于奇异谱分析和优化极限学习机的新型预测模型。首先,采用奇异谱分析将风速时间序列分解为一组相对平稳的分量,以降低风速序列的随机性对预测结果的影响;然后,对分解得到的分量分别建立极限学习机预测模型,为进一步提高预测性能,将1种新颖的活性竞争萤火虫算法用于优化极限学习机的输入权值和隐含层偏置;最后,叠加全部分量的预测值得到实际预测结果。仿真结果表明,基于奇异谱分析和活性竞争萤火虫算法优化极限学习机的模型在1步到3步风速预测中实现了较高精度的预测结果。     

“十四五”时期危险废物污染防治思路探讨

"十三五"时期,我国环境质量改善和生态文明建设取得显著进展,"十四五"时期生态环境保护面临的形势和任务仍然严峻艰巨,亟须正确识别当前的环境形势以及未来的重大环境问题,制定针对性的规划。本文概述了"十三五"期间我国危险废物污染防治取得的进展和成效,并分析了当前危险废物环境风险防控面临的废物产生量大且持续增加、环境风险高、利用处置短板凸显、综合利用风险防控不足等突出问题,从制度优化、科学管理和技术支撑等重点任务、重大工程方面,提出"十四五"环境保护危险废物污染防治规划思路,为编制"十四五"危险废物污染防治规划提供参考。     

土壤对三氯乙烯的吸附行为及其影响因素

基于静态吸附实验对土壤吸附三氯乙烯的影响因素进行研究,通过利用有机质含量为0.96%的土样及经375℃、600℃、次氯酸钠和联合氧化方法(600℃+次氯酸钠)处理后的土样为吸附剂,考察了各种土样吸附TCE的吸附动力学和吸附热力学,以及土壤中有机质含量、软碳、硬碳、矿物质、TCE初始浓度和钙离子强度对吸附作用的影响.结果表明,土壤对TCE的吸附分为快速吸附、慢速吸附和平衡3个阶段,并在30 h左右达到吸附平衡,且吸附过程符合准二级动力学方程(R~298%);Freundlich模型能较好地拟合TCE在土壤中的吸附等温曲线(R~293%);土壤对TCE的吸附以物理吸附为主,其中吸附贡献主要为硬碳(60%);TCE浓度的升高可以增加矿物质的吸附贡献率;离子强度的增加显著降低了土壤各组分对TCE的吸附.     

Quantification of pesticide residues on plastic mulching films in typical farmlands of the North China

• Pesticide residuals on mulching film of Shandong, Tianjin and Hebei. • Detected 29 pesticides in soil and 30 in mulching film. • Pesticides on plastic films: 86.4‒22213.2 ng/g and in soil: 9.3‒535.3 ng/g. • Pesticides on plastic films 20 times higher than in soil. Plastic debris as new pollutants attracts much attention in the recent years. The plastic mulching films is one of the most important plastic debirs source in the environment. The aim of this work was to investigate the current status of pesticide residues on the plastic mulching films. Based on the QuEChERS method, multi-residue methods for detection of pesticide residues with gas chromatography tandem mass spectrum (GC-MS) and high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrum (HPLC-MS) were developed for the analysis of the pesticides residues in plastic film and soil samples from Tianjin, Hebei and Shandong. The total concentrations of pesticide residues were in the range of 86.4‒22213.2 ng/g in plastic film debris, which was about 20 times higher than that in soil (9.3‒535.3 ng/g). Residual level of pesticides varied greatly in different samples. The historical usage and recent application of pesticides were the main sources for pesticide residues on plastic films and soil. In short, plastic mulching films could act as a sink for pesticides in farmland and the ubiquitous pesticide residues on plastic films should draw more attention.     

UV-Fenton法处理聚醚废水研究

采用UV-Fenton法处理实际聚醚废水,并通过响应曲面法对UV-Fenton法的运行参数进行优化,以H2O2投加量、FeSO4·7H2O投加量和处理时间为自变量,以废水的COD去除率及出水氨氮浓度为响应值,进行中心组合实验设计。同时,采用气相色谱/质谱技术对UV-Fenton法处理前后废水中污染物进行分析和鉴定。结果表明:(1)最优参数条件为H2O2和COD质量比1.49、FeSO4·7H2O和H2O2质量比0.83、处理时间71min,此时COD去除率为62.3%,出水氨氮质量浓度为45.5mg/L。(2)模型的拟合程度较高,两个响应值方程的决定系数(R2)分别为0.986 4、0.961 6。(3)进水中主要污染物有37种,经UV-Fenton法处理后出水中降低至29种,总有机物丰度降低约93.4%。(4)UV-Fenton法对醚类、酯类或酰胺类大分子有机物具有显著的降解效果,可将其转化为短链的烃类及醇类物质。     

泡沫镍负载5A分子筛结构化吸附材料的制备及性能

以泡沫镍金属为基体,制备结构化5A分子筛吸附材料,探讨了焙烧温度、硅/铝溶胶固含量比、5A分子筛原粉固含量对结构化5A分子筛性能的影响。采用SEM、TG、XRD、BET、超声振荡等分析方法对样品进行了微观组织结构和结合强度的分析和表征;采用H_2和N_2的混合气体为吸附质进行了N_2在结构化材料中的吸附穿透曲线测定。结果表明,具有较高强度的泡沫镍骨架包埋于分子筛层中,且结构化吸附材料中微孔和介孔并存。在焙烧温度为550～650℃时,5A分子筛可较好地保持原有晶型结构;硅/铝溶胶固含量比为1∶1时,结构化5A分子筛微孔孔体积最大;分子筛原粉固含量为79%时,结构化5A分子筛质量损失率仅为0.75%。结构化5A分子筛具有较高的吸附容量,可达544 m~2·g~(-1)。与球状吸附剂相比,结构化吸附材料具有更小的传质区与传质阻力。     

Decomposition of volatile organic compounds using gliding arc discharge plasma

ABSTRACT

This work provides a systematic review on the decomposition of volatile organic pollutants in flue gas through the gliding arc (GA) plasma technology. To begin with, the basic mechanisms of GA plasma generation are summarized and three characteristic stages existed during the GA plasma generation process are revealed: gas breakdown stage, equilibrium stage, and non-equilibrium stage. Then, the types of GA reactors are comparatively illustrated. Possible destruction mechanisms of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) by GA plasma are discussed by taking chloroform, benzene, and methanol as examples. Furthermore, the effects of many operating parameters on the VOCs destruction efficiency are comprehensively analyzed. Simultaneously, the product distribution, energy cost, technical and economic during the whole decomposition process are considered. Finally, the advantages and disadvantages of GA plasma and its further development trend are concluded from the academic and industrial application of GA plasma in VOCs decomposition.

Implications: This paper comprehensively describes the principle, characteristics, research progress and engineering application examples of the degradation of volatile organics by gliding arc discharge plasma, so that readers can fully understand the degradation of volatile organics by gliding arc discharge plasma and provide theoretical basis for the industrial application of the degradation of volatile organics by gliding arc discharge plasma.     

2008—2018年黄山市酸雨污染特征变化趋势分析

采用2008—2018年黄山市酸雨监测数据,阐述了黄山市酸雨变化特征及成因。结果表明:黄山市降水pH在5.0左右徘徊;酸雨频率在2017年以前均处于高位,以2017年为拐点,下降到最低值(35.7%)。总体上,黄山市酸雨污染情况正在得到改善,但形势依然严峻。SO2-₄和NO-₃的当量浓度之比从2013年的4.09下降到2018年的1.10;SO₂和NO_x排放量逐年减少,但是幅度不同,NO_x排放量下降幅度不大,致使NO_x对酸雨的贡献有增加的趋势;酸雨类型由硫酸型转变为硫酸型和硝酸型并重,机动车排放对酸雨污染的贡献已不可忽视。对黄山市降水中的碱性离子中和能力进行分析发现,黄山市起主要中和作用的离子为NH⁺₄和Ca²⁺。将黄山市降水与其他地区降水进行对比发现,黄山市降水受到的中和作用强于东南地区,但弱于北方地区。     

不同水生植物腐解过程中有色可溶有机物(CDOM)的产生过程及微生物群落变化分析

通过对太湖的两种优势植物马来眼子菜(Potamogeton malaianus)和芦苇(Phragmites communis)进行室内腐解实验,利用紫外可见光谱和Illuminar高通量测序研究不同植物腐解过程中有色可溶有机物(CDOM)的产生情况及微生物群落变化。结果表明:马来眼子菜残体的去除率在2、10和30 d时均高于芦苇组。马来眼子菜组的溶解性有机碳(DOC)含量在第2天低于芦苇组,在第10天和第30天高于芦苇组。马来眼子菜组的CDOM相对浓度和其相对分子量在第2天高于芦苇组,在第10天和第30天低于芦苇组。初始水体中微生物分属34门、156纲,30天后,马来眼子菜和芦苇腐解液中的微生物多样性均降低了,分别分属23门和19门,以及95属和78属。两种植物在降解过程中,水体中降解难降解有机质类微生物逐渐占主要部分,如拟杆菌属(Bacteroides),密螺旋体属(Treponema),瘤胃微生物(Ruminococcaceae),此类微生物在芦苇降解组水体中的含量更多。