马鞍山市住宅冬季能耗调查

对马鞍山市60户住宅冬季能耗进行了问卷调查,分析了住宅建筑、采暖设备等的内容与特点,统计了冬季电、天然气和水的消耗,得出马鞍山市住宅冬季能耗相关指标;并比较了马鞍山市与长沙、上海等城市住宅的能耗调查结果,比较结果表明：虽然马鞍山市冬季平均能耗比同气候地区的大城市低,但采暖电耗并不比大城市低。     

投饵养鱼对潘家口水库藻类生长影响的围隔试验研究

设置投饵、投饵单养花鲢（Aristichthisnobilis）、投饵单养鲤鱼（Cyprinuscarpio）、投饵混养花鲢和鲤鱼以及空白对照5个围隔及水库背景水体,研究投饵养鱼对潘家口水库浮游藻类生长和群落结构的影响。结果发现,试验期间水库水体和空白对照围隔中总藻平均密度分别为2.60×10^6L^-1和3.38×10^6L^-1,均以蓝藻和绿藻为主且基本保持稳定状态;投饵能有效促进藻类生长,只投饵围隔中总藻平均密度达到1.17×10^8L^-1,藻种组成向单一鱼腥藻（Anabaena）方向演替;养殖花鲢抑制藻的生长,参照只投饵围隔,抑制率接近80%,绿藻占据极大优势,其中栅藻（Scenedesmussp）、芒锥藻（Errerellabornhemiensisconr）和空星藻（Coelastrumsp）成为优势藻种;投饵养殖鲤鱼也能有效降低藻生物量,总藻平均密度为4.07×10^7L^-1,绿藻占总藻的比例由27%增加到95%,其中空星藻和小球藻（ChlorellavulgarisBeij）为优势藻种;投饵混养花鲢和鲤鱼围隔中总藻密度稍高于单养花鲢和鲤鱼围隔,为4.37×10^7L^-1,栅藻和鱼腥藻为优势藻种。     

耕种方式对稻田甲烷排放的影响

通过田间试验研究了稻田2种土壤耕作强度(深翻耕和浅旋耕)和3种水稻栽培方式(直播、抛秧和插秧)下的CH4排放规律,以探讨稻田土壤耕作强度和水稻栽培方式对CH4排放的影响。结果表明,各水稻栽培方式下,深翻耕和浅旋耕稻田CH4排放季节变化趋势一致。土壤耕作强度对稻田CH4季节排放总量的影响受水稻栽培方式的制约:抛秧方式下,浅旋耕与深翻耕处理相比,稻田CH4排放量减少31.37%(P0.05);而直播和插秧方式下,2者CH4季节排放总量相当。水稻栽培方式显著影响稻田CH4排放季节变化规律:直播稻田CH4排放大致呈现"双峰型"模式,且水稻生育前期CH4排放水平较低;而移栽稻田(抛秧和插秧)CH4排放大致呈现"三峰型"模式,且水稻生育前期CH4排放水平较高。与深翻耕抛秧相比,深翻耕直播和深翻耕插秧稻田CH4排放分别减少23.31%和42.51%;而浅旋耕方式下,3种水稻栽培处理CH4季节排放总量相当。降低土壤耕作强度,以浅旋耕代替深翻耕,可以减少耕作对土壤的扰动,在一定程度上减少稻田CH4排放。与水稻移栽相比,水稻直播能够显著降低水稻生育前期CH4排放,具有一定的CH4减排潜力,但仍需加强中后期田间水分管理。     

冬季淹水稻田CH_4产生、氧化和排放规律及其影响因素研究

采用静态箱/气象色谱法——田间原位观测和室内培养试验连续一年研究了冬季淹水稻田的CH4产生潜力、氧化潜力和排放通量,以探讨冬季淹水稻田CH4产生、氧化和排放的季节变化规律及其影响因素。结果表明：0~251 d（d表示淹水后天数）,CH4产生潜力逐渐增大,到251 d达最大值,之后逐渐减小;0~204 d,CH4氧化潜力变化较小,但到235 d急剧增至最大值,随后逐渐减小;0~169 d,稻田几乎没有CH4排放,192 d才开始有较明显的CH4排放,到230 d达最大值,为80.2 mg.m-2.h-1,随后逐渐减小,331 d出现一个CH4排放高峰。全观测期内CH4排放量为69.9 g.m-2,其中非水稻生长期排放6.7 g.m-2,占总量的9.5%。全观测期内CH4产生潜力与土温及土壤Eh均无显著相关性;全观测期内CH4氧化潜力与土温极显著正相关（P〈0.01）,水稻生长期CH4氧化潜力与土壤中氨氮含量呈极显著正相关（P〈0.01）;全观测期内稻田CH4排放与土温和CH4产生潜力两个因素均显著正相关（P〈0.05）而与土壤Eh呈显著负相关（P〈0.05）。     

Hydrodynamic and ecological assessment of nearshore restoration: A modeling study

Along the Pacific Northwest coast, much of the estuarine habitat has been lost over the last century to agricultural land use, residential and commercial development, and transportation corridors. As a result, many of the ecological processes and functions have been disrupted. To protect and improve these coastal habitats that are vital to aquatic species, many projects are currently underway to restore estuarine and coastal ecosystems through dike breaches, setbacks, and removals. Understanding site-specific information on physical processes is critical for improving the success of such restoration actions. In this study, a three-dimensional hydrodynamic model was developed to simulate estuarine processes in the Stillaguamish River estuary, where restoration of a 160-acre parcel through dike setback has been proposed. The model was calibrated to observed tide, current, and salinity data for existing conditions and applied to simulate the hydrodynamic responses to two restoration alternatives. Model results were then combined with biophysical data to predict habitat responses within the restoration footprint. Results showed that the proposed dike removal would result in desired tidal flushing and conditions that would support four habitat types on the restoration footprint. At the estuary scale, restoration would substantially increase the proportion of area flushed with freshwater (<5 ppt) at flood tide. Potential implications of predicted changes in salinity and flow dynamics are discussed relative to the distribution of tidal marsh habitat.     

Ethylenediamine-modified activated carbon for aqueous lead adsorption

This study is to develop a carbon-based adsorbent containing multiple functional ligands for effective removal of lead ions from aqueous media. Activated carbon was oxidized by nitric acid, followed by chlorination with thionyl chloride and reaction with ethylenediamine. Modified activated carbon (MAC) was characterized using scanning electron microscopy in conjunction of energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and potentiometric titration. Surface characterizations confirmed that carboxyl, amine, and chlorine functional groups were effectively introduced onto the carbon surface by the treatments. The modifications lowered the pH at the point of zero charge (pH_pzc) from 9.6 to 2.55 and resulted in more negatively charged surfaces. Adsorptive experiments showed that aqueous Pb removal by MAC was faster, with a 62% higher capacity than the original activated carbon (60.2 vs. 37.2 mg g⁻¹).     

不同土地利用方式下Cd、Pb复合污染对土壤酶活性的影响

为探寻合理的土地利用方式,减轻重金属污染,以上海市崇明岛为研究对象,结合室内盆栽模拟试验,研究了不同土地利用方式下Cd、Pb复合污染对土壤酶活性的影响,以期为合理规划土地功能和提高土壤健康程度提供科学依据。试验结果表明,农田、生活用地等受人类活动影响较明显的地区,其土壤酶活性低于湿地、林地、河道旁等人为扰动较少且水分充足的地区;土壤脲酶、磷酸酶和脱氢酶活性两两之间呈显著正相关(P<0.01),且土壤脲酶对Cd、Pb较敏感;土壤有机质与土壤酶活性呈显著正相关(P<0.05);Cd、Pb复合污染在低含量(Cd:0～1mg.kg-1;Pb:0～60mg.kg-1)时对土壤酶活性表现为促进作用,而高含量(Cd:0～20mg.kg-1;Pb:0～100mg.kg-1)时则表现为抑制作用。     

城市污水处理厂二沉池出水曝气混合絮凝的研究

在污水处理厂实验室,对二沉池出口污水进行了曝气和机械2种方式的混合絮凝对比试验。研究结果表明,对于同一水质,在相同的投药量下,曝气混凝沉淀后的水质明显优于机械混凝沉淀后的水质,各项水质指标的去除率分别提高：BOD₅ 6%～9%,COD 4%～6%,NH₃-N 6%～9%,TP 15%～24%,SS 8%～18%。     

典型河谷城市儿童土壤与灰尘铅暴露风险

为定量评价河谷型城市土壤与灰尘铅对城市儿童健康的影响与风险,结合野外调查的基础上,以陕西渭河谷地典型工业城市宝鸡、西安、渭南和铜川为研究区域,以定量分析河谷型城市儿童环境铅暴露为核心,收集4个城市土壤与灰尘分析样品总计243个。利用X射线荧光光谱法测定了4个城市土壤与灰尘铅的含量;采用BCR连续形态分级法探究了城市土壤与灰尘重金属铅地球化学形态分布与迁移特征;根据US EPA污染物暴露与健康风险评价模型对城市儿童铅暴露进行了评价。研究结果表明渭河谷地典型城市宝鸡、铜川、西安和渭南城市土壤与灰尘铅浓度(X±SD)分别为(409.2±52.54)和(624.70±66.15)mg·kg-1、(357.47±41.37)和(592.60±36.78)mg·kg-1、(61.4±13.31)和(78.42±14.89)mg·kg-1、(46.71±12.11)和(64.7±13.76)mg·kg-1,均高出陕西省土壤铅背景值;污染水平依次为宝鸡铜川西安渭南。4个河谷型城市土壤与灰尘重金属铅发生整体迁移的趋势为:宝鸡城市灰尘(90.71%)西安城市灰尘(84.74%)≥宝鸡城市土壤(83.12%)渭南城市灰尘(74.89%)≥西安城市土壤(74.50%)铜川城市灰尘(72.49%)铜川城市土壤(57.50%)渭南城市土壤(53.79%)。可见,铅在均在城市灰尘中的迁移趋势远大于相应的城市土壤。4个城市土壤与灰尘均表现出较大的儿童暴露致癌风险,宝鸡和铜川城市儿童土壤与灰尘铅暴露也分别存在非致癌风险,风险程度依次为宝鸡铜川西安渭南。儿童铅暴露致癌与非致癌风险程度与其城市土壤和灰尘中铅可氧化态分布呈相似的规律,表明碱性的城市土壤与城市灰尘(p H7)中可氧化态铅可能是导致河谷型城市儿童铅暴露风险和儿童血铅污染的主要形态和因素。由此,城市燃煤排放与含铅制品的加工等活动可能是渭河谷地河谷型城市儿童血铅与铅暴露最主要的贡献源,必须采取长期有效的监测与控制措施。     

臭氧应用于烟气净化的研究进展

烟气中所含的二氧化硫(SO2),氮氧化物(NOx),重金属汞(Hg)等污染物都能对人体健康及周围环境产生危害.本文综述了臭氧法应用于烟气净化的研究进展、工业应用及反应机理,探讨了臭氧同时脱硫脱硝脱汞的主要影响因素,介绍了臭氧发生技术的研究现状,并对臭氧应用于烟气净化进行了经济性分析,认为臭氧法脱除烟气中的多种污染物具有广泛的应用前景.