我国核事故应急“十三五”规划思路研究

通过分析我国核事故应急体系在应急预案、应急指挥、应急救援、技术支持、应急演习等多方面的已有能力,学习国外核电强国的核应急管理经验,总结福岛核事故应急的经验教训,发现我国现有核事故应急体系存在的问题,并提出"十三五"期间我国核事故应急的主要对策和措施,以期为我国核事故应急体系建设提供科学的和系统的工作思路。     

Evaluating the technical efficiencies of fishing vessels to achieve effective management of overexploited fisheries

Global marine capture fisheries are undergoing serious stress, with overfishing as one of the major problems. In order to mitigate the overexploitation of capture fisheries, government regulation or fisheries management is necessary. Among various management approaches, vessel quantity control is being widely employed. To achieve effective governance of fisheries, the technical efficiency (TE) issue needs to be considered in the implementation of vessel quantity control. Using the Pacific saury (Cololabis saira) stick-held dip net fishery in Japan as a case study, this paper estimated the TE of sampled fishing vessels and explored the possible factors affecting the gap in efficiency. This paper aims to provide suggestions for a better implementation of vessel quantity control in global Pacific saury fishery, and also to serve as an empirical example of integrating TE analysis into management of overexploited fisheries for achieving satisfactory effects. Results show the TE score of the sampled fishery averaged around 0.7 from 2009 to 2014, and factors concerning owners/skippers’ motivation such as vessel ownership and specialization, vessel tonnage as well as skippers’ age show positive effects on the TE. Our findings in the present work provide important strategies for mitigating overexploitation in fisheries. Conducting technical efficiency analysis of targeted fisheries is a vital issue to be considered for designing and realizing an effective implementation of fisheries management approaches. The large vessels and the enthusiasm of vessel owners/skippers need to be particularly addressed when vessel quantity limit is considered to mitigate the problem of overfishing.     

Impacts of climate variability and changes on domestic water use in the Yellow River Basin of China

We present a methodology for using a domestic water use time series that were obtained from Yellow River Conservancy Commission, together with the climatic records from the National Climate Center of China to evaluate the effects of climate variability on water use in the Yellow River Basin. A suit of seven Global Circulation Models (GCMs) were adopted to anticipate future climate patterns in the Yellow River. The historical records showed evidences of rises in temperature and subsequent rises in domestic water demand in the basin. For Upstream of Longyangxia region, the impact was the least, with only 0.0021?×?10⁸ m³ for a temperature increase of 1 °C; while for Longyangxia-Lanzhou region, domestic water use was found to increase to 0.18?×?10⁸ m³ when temperature increases 1 °C. Downstream of Huayuankou was the region with the most changes in temperature that gave the highest increase of 1.95?×?10⁸ m³ in domestic water demand for 1 °C of change of temperature. Downstream of Huayuankou was identified as the most vulnerable area, where domestic water demand increases nearly by 42.2 % with 1 °C increase of temperature. Judging from the trends of temperature range, we concluded that future temperature in Yellow River Basin has an increasing tendency. This could worsen the existing issues of domestic water demand and even more to trigger high competition among different water-using sectors.     

艰险地区地质调查作业人员安全装备保障体系的构建

为有效提升艰险地区地质调查作业人员安全装备保障水平,结合艰险地区作业环境特点和地质调查作业人员安全装备配备现状,从气象和气候条件、地理环境、自然灾害、人文地理四个方面进行了安全风险分析,并依据事故发生的可能性和严重性将风险划分为5个等级,最终按照"立足实际、重点优先、优化配置"原则提出了由个体防护、应急自救、人员定位、野外生存4类系统组成的地质调查作业人员安全装备保障体系以及安全装备配备建议,以期能够最大限度地降低安全风险对作业人员的影响,从根本上解决艰险地区地质调查作业人员个体防护用品配备标准适用性差、安全装备系统化程度低、个体防护用品整体质量不高、安全装备更新不及时不到位等突出问题,可为今后地质调查作业人员安全装备保障体系建设以及安全装备配备提供指导和参考。     

基于遗传神经网络的除湿机故障诊断与寿命预测

目的识别除湿机的性能状态和预测吸附剂的剩余寿命。方法针对除湿机故障过程缓变的特点,提出一种基于数据驱动的遗传神经网络模型。首先,为解决设备失效程度划分模糊的问题,由5个热力参数组成反映吸附剂劣化程度的特征向量,关联分析得到除湿机的5类故障模式。其次,利用遗传神经网络建立状态参数和故障模式的映射关系。最后,对表征设备吸附能力的主参数进行外推预测。结果训练好的诊断网络可准确地识别出设备的劣化程度及其演变过程,预测网络的预测精度非常高。结论该方法可有效地实现对除湿机的故障诊断与预测。。     

舰面设备可靠性试验工程实践

目的开展舰面设备可靠性试验工程实践。方法在舰面设备研制阶段,策划提出关键单机与系统相结合的可靠性试验方案。结果快速提高舰面设备的系统可靠性。结论近几年多个型号舰面设备的可靠性试验工程实践,有效促进了海军导弹武器系统的整体可靠性水平的提高,为其他舰面设备的可靠性工程提供参考。     

一种低功耗高性能数据采集数字处理平台的设计

目的构建一套基于中频信号基带数字信号处理的软件无线电平台。方法通过选择芯片设计硬件电路设计出合适的PCB板。结果主要依据软件无线电平台,提出了一种基于A/D+FPGA+D/A的硬件设计方案,该系统包括了前端的A/D数据采集和后端的D/A模拟数据恢复的详细收发电路原理设计。结论构建了一个从前端数据接收到后端模拟发送的高速基带数字信号处理平台。     

外浮顶原油储罐VOCs排放核算参数对排放量的影响研究

依据美国环保署颁布的储罐VOCs排放量核算公式,从环境参数、原油参数和储罐结构参数3个方面对外浮顶储罐VOCs排放的影响进行了研究,其中包括了边缘密封排放挂壁排放、浮盘附件排放和浮盘着陆期间排放等几个相关排放核算数学公式。结果表明:环境风速增大,环境温度升高或太阳辐射强度提高均导致排放量增大;原油温度升高或原油周转量增加也导致排放量增加;储罐直径增加,罐漆颜色浅,或者罐壁锈蚀情况好会降低VOCs排放量。     

外浮顶原油储罐VOCs泄漏损耗及排放量核算

介绍了国内外浮顶原油储罐VOCs泄漏损耗形式。结合美国环保署(EPA)发布的AP-42中第7章储罐的VOCs相关排放公式,建立了外浮顶原油储罐VOCs排放量核算的方法,并对核算方法的应用进行了举例分析,有助于掌握现阶段原油外浮顶储罐的泄漏损耗量,为推进企业绿色低碳发展,控制原油储罐VOCs总量排放提供参考。     

炼化企业分析化验岗位职业病危害防治措施研究

采用现场职业卫生学调查方法了解炼化企业分析化验岗位接触各类危害因素情况,对正常情况下分析化验工作场所进行各类职业病危害因素检测,同时测量各通风橱控制点风速、排风罩罩口风速;通风橱(风机通风量增加、管道改造)以及排风罩改造后,再次进行控制点风速测量、工作场所危害因素采样检测,对比改造前后测量数据,探讨分析化验岗位职业病危害防治措施。结果显示,工作场所通风设施的风机选型、管道合理化布置、排风罩围挡的设置、补风等因素均对通风橱、排风罩控制点风速产生影响;通风设施改造后工作场所职业病危害因素浓度有所降低。由此可见,炼化企业分析化验工作场所通风设施是职业病危害防治的重要措施。