确定挤压凹模模孔位置的强度法

提出了以应力作为目标函数,优化模孔位置的方法,以此设计的挤压凹模,能提高其强度安全系数和使用寿命。以叉车内门架的模拟试件挤压凹模为例,进行了分析计算,结果表明,该方法简明易行。     

库车坳陷侏罗系烃源岩热演化研究

根据烃源岩样品Ro、EasyRo值、天然气成熟度分析 ,库车坳陷侏罗系烃源岩热演化程度较高 ,总体上已达成熟 -高成熟阶段。拜城凹陷烃源岩成熟度高 ,该凹陷及其周围是寻找大中型气田的有利地区。拜城凹陷和阳霞凹陷侏罗系烃源岩分别约在老第三纪和晚白垩世开始进入成熟阶段 ,分别在中新世末和渐新世末进入生气高峰 ,气源岩的热演化具有先慢后快的特点。库车坳陷天然气藏主要在喜山期形成。     

Comprehensive prenatal diagnostics: Exome versus genome sequencing

Objective

This study aimed to assess the diagnostic yield of prenatal genetic testing using trio whole exome sequencing (WES) and trio whole genome sequencing (WGS) in pregnancies with fetal anomalies by comparing the results with conventional chromosomal microarray (CMA) analysis.

Methods

A total of 40 pregnancies with fetal anomalies or increased nuchal translucency (NT ≥ 5 mm) were included between the 12th and 21st week of gestation. Trio WES/WGS and CMA were performed in all cases.

Results

The trio WES/WGS analysis increased the diagnostic yield by 25% in cases with negative CMA results. Furthermore, all six chromosomal aberrations identified by CMA were independently detected by WES/WGS analysis. In total, 16 out of 40 cases obtained a genetic sequence variant, copy number variant, or aneuploidy explaining the phenotype, resulting in an overall WES/WGS diagnostic yield of 40%. WES analysis provided a more reliable identification of mosaic sequence variants than WGS because of its higher sequencing depth.

Conclusions

Prenatal WES/WGS proved to be powerful diagnostic tools for fetal anomalies, surpassing the diagnostic yield of CMA. They have the potential to serve as standalone methods for prenatal diagnosis. The study highlighted the limitations of WGS in accurately detecting mosaic variants, which is particularly relevant when analyzing chorionic villus samples.     

高钙废水颗粒污泥中古菌菌群结构变化的分析

为了解高浓度Ca~(2+)与颗粒污泥中古菌菌群结构的关系,利用高通量测序分析IC(Internal Circulation)反应器(以废纸造纸废水为处理对象)内不同高度处颗粒污泥中古菌菌群组成,并利用SEM(Scanning Electron Microscope)和EDS(Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy)分析颗粒污泥的形态结构和元素组成,同时借助红外光谱和XRD(X-ray diffraction)分析不同高度处颗粒污泥化学结构中各官能团的分布情况和无机成分.结果表明,随着反应器高度的增加,颗粒污泥中的无机成分CaCO_3也随着增加,而种泥中钙含量只有1.81%.种泥和ICR反应器内的颗粒污泥中古菌在门分类水平上主要包括Euryarchaeota和Bathyarchaeota,两者之和占90%以上.在属分类水平上,主要包括Methanosaeta、Methanoregula、Methanobacterium、Methanosarcina、Methanolinea、Methanospirillum等.种泥中古菌的物种多样性要明显高于IC反应器中,在IC反应器中不同高度处古菌生物多样性由高到低的顺序是5 m2 m7 m,5 m处的古菌物种更加丰富.随着反应器高度的增加,乙酸营养型甲烷菌的相对丰度呈现递增趋势,氢营养型甲烷菌则呈现递减趋势,而种泥中氢营养型甲烷菌相对丰度较大.这表明颗粒污泥在高钙废水的长期作用下,氢营养型甲烷菌的相对丰度减少,乙酸营养型甲烷菌的相对丰度增多,系统中古菌物种的相对丰度和多样性有所下降.CaCO_3沉淀使颗粒污泥的产甲烷活性降低,主要表现为其对氢营养型甲烷菌具有较大的抑制作用.     

BiVO4表面氧缺陷调控及其光催化氧化三价砷

以乙二醇为溶剂,采用溶剂热-煅烧法制备缺陷型BiVO₄光催化剂,通过控制溶剂热反应时间调控BiVO₄表面氧缺陷以增强对As （III）的光催化氧化性能.同时,借助各种表征手段如XRD、SEM和XPS等分析样品的晶型结构、形貌特征及化学组成等性质,考察其在可见光下对As（III）的光催化氧化性能,并研究其氧化机理.结果表明,溶剂热反应时间对BiVO₄的晶粒尺寸和光吸收性能没有影响,但能通过影响比表面积调控BiVO₄的表面氧缺陷浓度.经优化得到,反应时间为14 h时制备的BiVO₄光催化剂（BiVO-14）对As（III）（6 mg·L^-1）的氧化效率高达95.7%,并具有良好的光催化稳定性.BiVO₄氧化As （III）的主要途径是光生空穴（h⁺）的直接氧化作用.表面氧缺陷能增强导电性能,促进电荷分离和迁移,强化h⁺的氧化作用,从而提高BiVO₄的光催化氧化性能.BiVO-14能有效促使As（III）转化为低毒的As（V）,在饮用水源As污染去除方面具有广阔应用前景.     

浙江省气溶胶垂直分布及区域传输分析

利用6个激光雷达站点数据从年际和季节变化尺度对浙江省2017~2018年气溶胶垂直分布特征进行研究,并结合污染物浓度数据分析了浙江省主要颗粒物类型的季节差异.结果表明,大部分站点2018年气溶胶消光系数整体小于2017年;边界层内消光系数空间上呈中部高东西低的分布形态;消光系数季节变化表现为冬季最高,秋季其次,而春夏较低;气溶胶在春、夏季集中在地面上方1~2km以内,冬季主要分布在1km以下,秋季受高空气溶胶影响,6个站点呈现出不同的垂直分布模式.进一步,选取发生在2018年4月和7月两次气溶胶跨区域传输过程,综合CALIPSO和MODIS卫星数据、以及后向轨迹、PSCF与CWT模式对污染物来源与传输机制进行探索,发现来自AOD高值区的气团显著加重本地污染.     

Source apportionment of VOCs in a typical medium-sized city in North China Plain and implications on control policy

Characteristics of atmospheric VOCs (volatile organic compounds) have been extensively studied in megacities in China, however, they are scarcely investigated in medium/small-sized cities in North China Plain (NCP). A comprehensive research on possible sources of VOCs was conducted in a medium-sized city of NCP, from May to September 2019. A total of 143 canister samples of 8 sites in Xuchang city were collected, and 57 VOC species were detected. The average VOC concentrations were 42.6 ± 31.6 μg/m³, with 53.7 ± 31.0 μg/m³ and 32.1 ± 27. 8 μg/m³, in the morning and afternoon, respectively. Alkenes and aromatics contributed 80% of the total ozone formation potential (OFP). Aromatics accounted for more than 95% of secondary organic aerosol potential (SOAP). VOCs were dominated by the local emission with significant transport from the southeast direction. PMF analysis extracted 6 sources, which were combustion (33.1%), LPG usage (19.3%), vehicular exhaust & fuel evaporation (15.8%), solvent usage (15.2%), industrial (9.11%) and biogenic (7.51%), respectively and they contributed 33.4%, 17.6%, 12.9%, 18.6%, 9.28% and 8.22% to the OFP, respectively. Combustion and LPG usage were the dominant VOC sources; and combustion, solvent usage and LPG usage were the main sources of OFP in Xuchang city, which were different to megacities in China with a high contribution from vehicular exhaust, solvent usage and industry, suggesting specific control strategies on VOCs need to be implemented in medium-sized city such as Xuchang city.     

土壤-蔬菜系统中镉的生物富集效应及土壤阈值研究

为保障蔬菜质量安全,避免重金属Cd污染,通过野外调查采集土壤-蔬菜样品224对,分析土壤和蔬菜中的Cd含量,研究不同种类蔬菜对Cd富集的差异及影响因素,并探讨了不同种类蔬菜的土壤Cd阈值。结果表明:蔬菜对Cd的富集受土壤Cd含量影响,与其呈显著性正相关关系,同时与土壤pH和有机质呈负相关关系。各蔬菜可食用部分中Cd的富集系数为0. 001～4. 901,平均值为0. 16。不同种类蔬菜对Cd的富集不同,其富集大小顺序为叶菜类茎菜类根菜类果菜类。利用log-logistic模型对研究数据进行拟合,并结合《食品中污染物限量》(GB2762-2017)中规定的蔬菜中污染物标准限值得到叶菜类、根菜类、茎菜类和果菜类蔬菜对应的土壤阈值分别为0. 25、0. 31、0. 33和0. 50 mg/kg。     

CANON工艺短程硝化恢复调控及微生物种群结构变化

以短程硝化恶化的全程自养脱氮工艺（CANON）污泥为研究对象,在间歇曝气序批式反应器（SBR）中开展自养脱氮运行效果的恢复调控研究,并基于微生物群落结构变化探究微生物调控机理.结果表明,高氨氮（NH₄⁺-N ≥300mg/L）和调节曝停比至1：3,可有效抑制亚硝酸盐氧化菌（NOB）.稳定后期,亚硝酸盐氧化率（NOR）逐渐降至2.30g N/（m³·h）,ΔNO₃^--N/ΔNH₄⁺-N逐渐降至0.13,总氮去除率（TNRR）提高到0.35kg N/（m³·d）,后延长厌氧段时间至90min,可使NOR进一步下降接近0.16S rDNA高通量测序结果表明,从恢复阶段初到稳定阶段,检测到NOB主要菌属为Nitrospira,其相对丰度从3.96%降至0.64%,Candidatus_Jettenia菌属（属于厌氧氨氧化菌（AnAOB））相对丰度从46.68%上升至49.98%.可见,通过短期提高进水氨氮浓度可使NOB得到有效抑制,并逐渐被淘汰,使AnAOB得到富集,AOB相对丰度稳态,CANON系统得到恢复.     

华北南部冬季大气亚微米颗粒物数浓度变化

2018年1月华北平原经历了一段持续时间久、影响范围广和颗粒物浓度高的重污染时期.本研究通过SMPS+E扫描电迁移率粒径谱仪,选取华北平原南部某郊区点位,对此次重污染期间颗粒物数浓度粒径分布演化进行连续观测研究.结果表明,观测期间环境空气质量尤其是PM_2.5平均浓度为141.32 μg/m³.大气亚微米颗粒物数浓度主要集中在核模态和爱根核模态的超细粒径段（78.9%）,呈递减型单峰分布,颗粒物平均数浓度为83174cm^-3.重污染天时,核模态颗粒物数浓度明显增高,对应低风速（1.5±0.4）m/s、高相对湿度（90.8±4.5）%和低O₃浓度（15.8±8.3）μg/m³.48h后向轨迹显示,观测点位气溶胶主要受湖北省、陕西省和山西省临近省份的传输影响.潜在源贡献因子法和浓度权重轨迹表明,气溶胶潜在源区主要为本地源和观测点位以北的区域.