巢湖水体漫衰减系数特性及其影响因子分析

根据2009年6月巢湖32个样点的实测数据,分析巢湖水体各组分的吸收、后向散射特性以及水体漫衰减系数光谱特征,并通过Lee模型计算各影响因子对漫衰减系数的贡献率,在此基础上,进一步探讨巢湖水体漫衰减系数与各衰减因子浓度的关系.结果表明,非色素颗粒物、有色可溶性有机物(CDOM)吸收均随着波段增加呈现不断衰减趋势,400...     

海南省背景区域臭氧及其前体物污染特征

基于2019年五指山背景点、海口市和三亚市的环境空气自动监测数据和气象观测资料,分析了海南省背景区域和重点城市O₃及其前体物NO₂污染特征;结合挥发性有机物（VOCs）在线监测数据,分析了五指山背景点VOCs的时间变化规律、O₃浓度高值月份O₃及其前体物VOCs和NO_x的污染特征以及VOCs的臭氧生成潜势（OFP）.结果表明,O₃是影响五指山背景点空气质量的关键污染物,五指山背景点O₃日最大8 h浓度平均值与海口市和三亚市显著相关.背景点NO₂月均浓度水平显著低于城市点,然而背景点和城市点O₃月均浓度水平和变化趋势高度一致.背景点O₃变化与风向密切相关,春夏季偏南风频率较高,O₃浓度相对较低;秋冬季以东北风为主,易受内陆污染输送影响,O₃浓度较高.五指山背景点春夏季VOCs体积分数低于秋冬季,但对应的OFP高于秋冬季;其中异戊二烯夏季体积分数显著高于秋冬季,且其夏季体积分数占总挥发性有机物的比例最高,对应的OFP贡献率可达70%以上,O₃则表现出秋冬季显著高于夏季的特征.11月O₃高浓度时段乙炔和芳香烃的体积分数较清洁日出现较大上升,同时其对应的OFP显著上升.VOCs优势物种和OFP主要贡献物种的分析结果表明,O₃高浓度时段机动车尾气和油气挥发排放源对五指山背景点VOCs的化学组成和OFP有重要贡献.     

河蚬对太湖梅梁湾沉积物中HCHs和DDTs的生物富集

以采自清洁水体的河蚬(Corbicula fluminea)为实验生物,利用生物富集实验测试了河蚬对太湖梅梁湾水源地沉积物中HCHs和DDTs的生物富集.研究结果表明,将河蚬暴露于有机氯农药污染程度相似的太湖梅梁湾沉积物中(HCHs和DDTs浓度分别为1.5-1.8.S/S(以干重计)和1.1-1.7 as/g(以干重计))后,随着暴露时间的延长(24～168h),河蚬对有机氯农药的富集量随着暴露时间逐渐增加.试验结束时各样点中河蚬对HCHs和DDTs的富集量分别为(9.4±2.2)ng/g(以干重计)、(20.7±7.6)ng/g(以干重计).实验水体沉积物中HCHs和DDTs的生物沉积物富集因子(BSAF)分别为1.5±0.1和4.4±0.7.生物-沉积物富集因子(BSAF)与有机物的辛醇-水比值(Kow)存在显著正相关.     

磷酸二氢钾-磷酸氢二钠缓冲溶液调控下白菜对钼矿区重金属污染土壤的修复

取同质钼矿区土壤放于通风处自然风干,平行A、B两组盆栽实验。A组直接投放不同浓度的磷酸二氢钾-磷酸氢二钠缓冲溶液50 ml,B组做对照,种植白菜,待白菜生长50 d后再投加一次缓冲溶液50 ml,60 d后收割其地上部分及对应土壤进行消解。采用ICP-AES分析土壤及植物体中各种重金属元素的含量,研究了在磷酸二氢钾-磷酸氢二钠缓冲溶液在其不同浓度梯度下投加,白菜地上部分对钼矿区重金属污染土壤的修复潜力。结果表明：在投加磷酸二氢钾-磷酸氢二钠缓冲溶液的条件下均能显著提高白菜的地上部分富集土壤中重金属元素的能力（Cd除外）,但缓冲溶液对白菜积累重金属能力的促进作用也存在重金属元素种类及浓度梯度之间的差异;投加pH=7.3磷酸二氢钾-磷酸氢二钠缓冲溶液可以较好地去除钼矿区污染土壤中的Cr、Mo、Ni、Pb;投加pH=7.7磷酸二氢钾-磷酸氢二钠缓冲溶液可以较好地去除钼矿区污染土壤中的As、Cu、Hg、Zn。     

耐盐碱固氮菌的分离筛选及固氮特性研究

采用改良的无氮Burk’s培养基,从松嫩平原盐碱化土壤中分离出2株具有耐盐碱能力固氮菌,编号为FC5和FC10。采用扫描电镜对固氮菌的形态观察和生理生化指标测定表明,FC5和FC10属于固氮菌属。探讨了FC5和FC10对酸碱度、碳源、渗透压和NH4+浓度的适应性,结果表明:2株菌具有一定的耐盐碱能力,FC10的固氮酶活在pH值为7.7时达到峰值,FC5当pH值为8.2时达到最大值;FC5和FC10在利用乳糖和葡萄糖时表现出了较高的固氮酶活性;FC5和FC10对渗透压具有较强的适应性;当NH4+浓度在0.2～2mmol/L时,固氮酶活性迅速降低。     

阿特拉津在土壤中的降解途径及其对持留性的影响

通过田间和实验室试验，研究了除草剂阿特拉津在土壤中的降解代谢规律及其与土壤特性的关系。试验表明，阿特拉津施用后、在作物生长期内可降解９０％以上，土壤酸碱度对阿特拉津在土壤中的代谢有显著影响。在碱性土壤中阿特拉津主要经过微生物代谢而被降解；在酸性土壤中化学水解占优势地位。阿特拉津在强酸性土壤中的持留性（半衰期为６３ｄ）低于弱酸性土壤中的持留性（半衰期为８４ｄ），而在碱性土壤中由于较强的微生物降解作用，其持留性（半衰期为５１ｄ）最低。     

Distribution,possible sources,and health risk assessment of SVOC pollution in small streams in Pearl River Delta,China

The pollution levels of typical semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs) consisting of 15 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), 20 organic chlorinated pesticides (OCPs), and 15 phthalate esters (PAEs) were investigated in small rivers running through the flourishing cities in Pearl River Delta region, China. The concentrations of ∑15PAHs were 2.0–48 ng/L and 29–1.2?×?10³ ng/g in the water and sediment samples, respectively. The ∑20OCPs were 6.6–57 ng/L and 9.3–6.0?×?10² ng/g in the water and sediment samples, respectively. The concentrations of ∑15PAEs were much higher both in the water and sediments. The partition process of the detected SVOCs between the water and sediment did not reach the equilibrium state at most of the sites when sampling. The combustion of petroleum products and coal was the major source of the detected PAHs. The OCPs were mainly historical residue, whereas the new inputs of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), chlordane, and endosulfan were possible at several sites. The industrial and domestic sewage were the major source for the PAEs; storm water runoff accelerated the input of PAEs. No chronic risk of the SVOCs was identified by a health risk assessment through daily water consumption, except for the ∑20OCPs that might cause cancer at several sites. Nevertheless, the integrated health risk of the SVOCs should not be neglected and need intensive investigations.     

Co-present Pb(II) accelerates the oxidation of organic contaminants by permanganate: Role of Pb(III)

• Simultaneous removal of organic contaminants and Pb(II) was achieved by Mn(VII). • Pb(II) enhanced Mn(VII) oxidation performance over a wide pH range. • Pb(II) did not alter the pH-rate profile for contaminants oxidation by Mn(VII). • Mn(VII) alone cannot oxidize Pb(II) effectively at pH below 5.0. • Pb(III) plays important roles on enhancing Mn(VII) decontamination process. The permanganate (Mn(VII)) oxidation has emerged as a promising technology for the remediation and treatment of the groundwater and surface water contaminated with the organic compounds. Nonetheless, only a few studies have been conducted to explore the role of the heavy metals (especially the redox-active ones) during the Mn(VII) oxidation process. In this study, taking Pb(II) as an example, its influence on the Mn(VII) decontamination performance has been extensively investigated. It was found that, with the presence of Pb(II), Mn(VII) could degrade diclofenac (DCF), 2,4-dichlorophenol, and aniline more effectively than without. For instance, over a wide pH range of 4.5–8.0, the dosing of 10 μmol/L Pb(II) accelerated the DCF removal rate from 0.006–0.25 min⁻¹ to 0.05–0.46 min⁻¹ with a promotion factor of 1.9–9.4. Although the UV-vis spectroscopic and high resolution transmission electron microscopy analyses suggested that Mn(VII) could react with Pb(II) to produce Mn(IV) and Pb(IV) at pH 6.0–8.0, further experiments revealed that Pb(II) did not exert its enhancing effect through promoting the generation of MnO₂, as the reactivity of MnO₂ was poor under the employed pH range. At pH below 5.0, it was interesting to find that, a negligible amount of MnO₂ was formed in the Mn(VII)/Pb(II) system in the absence of contaminants, while once MnO₂ was generated in the presence of contaminants, it could catalyze the Pb(II) oxidation to Pb(IV) by Mn(VII). Collectively, by highlighting the conversion process of Pb(II) to Pb(IV) by either Mn(VII) or MnO₂, the reactive Pb(III) intermediates were proposed to account for the Pb(II) enhancement effect.     

Chemical speciation and extractability of Zn,Cu and Cd in two contrasting biosolids-amended clay soils

An incubation experiment was conducted to study the chemical speciation and extractability of three heavy metals in two contrasting biosolids-amended clay soils. One was a paddy soil of pH 7.8 and the other was a red soil of pH 4.7 collected from a fallow field. Anaerobically digested biosolids were mixed with each of the two soils at three rates: 20, 40 and 60 g kg(-1) soil (DM basis), and unamended controls were also prepared. The biosolids-amended and control soils were incubated at 70% of water holding capacity at 25 degrees C for 50 days. Separate subsamples were extracted with three single extractants and a three-step sequential extraction procedure representing acetic acid (HOAc)-soluble, reducible and oxidisable fractions to investigate the extractability and speciation of the heavy metals. As would be expected, there were good relationships between biosolids application rate and metal concentrations in the biosolids-amended soils. The three heavy metals had different extractabilities and chemical speciation in the two biosolids-amended soils. Ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid extracted more Cu, Zn and Cd than did the other two single extractants. The oxidisable fraction was the major fraction for Cu in both biosolids-amended soils and the HOAc-soluble and reducible fractions accounted for most of the Zn. In contrast, Cd was present mainly in the reducible fraction. The results are discussed in relation to the mobility and bioavailability of the metals in polluted soils.     

为什么茅台镇的酒不等于茅台酒?

最近几年，市场上有一些白酒产品，利用“茅台”极高的市场信誉度和品牌价值，擅自以“茅台镇传世佳酿”、“茅台散酒”、“茅台某某酒”等相标榜，以致许多不了解情况的消费者被蒙蔽与误导，误认为是茅台酒的系列产品，与茅台酒是“一家人”。