Occurrence of arsenic in brown rice and its relationship to soil properties from Hainan Island, China

The acquaintance of arsenic concentrations in rice grain is vital in risk assessment. In this study, we determined the concentration of arsenic in 282 brown rice grains sampled from Hainan Island, China, and discussed its possible relationships to the considered soil properties. Arsenic concentrations in the rice grain from Hainan Island varied from 5 to 309 μg/kg, with a mean (92 μg/kg) lower than most published data from other countries/regions and the maximum contaminant level (MCL) for As_i in rice. The result of correlation analysis between grain and soil properties showed that grain As concentrations correlated significantly to soil arsenic speciation, organic matter and soil P contents and could be best predicted by humic acid bound and Fe-Mn oxides bound As fractions. Grain arsenic rises steeply at soil As concentrations lower than 3.6 mg/kg and gently at higher concentrations.     

Toxicity profile of labile preservative bronopol in water: the role of more persistent and toxic transformation products

Transformation products usually differ in environmental behaviors and toxicological properties from the parent contaminants, and probably cause potential risks to the environment. Toxicity evolution of a labile preservative, bronopol, upon primary aquatic degradation processes was investigated. Bronopol rapidly hydrolyzed in natural waters, and primarily produced more stable 2-bromo-2-nitroethanol (BNE) and bromonitromethane (BNM). Light enhanced degradation of the targeted compounds with water site specific photoactivity. The bond order analysis theoretically revealed that the reversible retroaldol reactions were primary degradation routes for bronopol and BNE. Judging from toxicity assays and the relative pesticide toxicity index, these degradation products (i.e., BNE and BNM), more persistent and higher toxic than the parent, probably accumulated in natural waters and resulted in higher or prolonging adverse impacts. Therefore, these transformation products should be included into the assessment of ecological risks of non-persistent and low toxic chemicals such as the preservative bronopol.     

Air pollution perception in ten countries during the COVID-19 pandemic

As largely documented in the literature, the stark restrictions enforced worldwide in 2020 to curb the COVID-19 pandemic also curtailed the production of air pollutants to some extent. This study investigates the perception of the air pollution as assessed by individuals located in ten countries: Australia, Brazil, China, Ghana, India, Iran, Italy, Norway, South Africa and the USA. The perceptions towards air quality were evaluated by employing an online survey administered in May 2020. Participants (N = 9394) in the ten countries expressed their opinions according to a Likert-scale response. A reduction in pollutant concentration was clearly perceived, albeit to a different extent, by all populations. The survey participants located in India and Italy perceived the largest drop in the air pollution concentration; conversely, the smallest variation was perceived among Chinese and Norwegian respondents. Among all the demographic indicators considered, only gender proved to be statistically significant.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13280-021-01574-2.     

大庆石化公司化工三厂中水回用探讨

中水回用是企业普遍采用的节水减排方式之一。大庆石化公司化工三厂中水回用装置采用目前国内较为先进的工艺,中水主要经过曝气生物滤池、水处理生化系统、臭氧尾气回收处理——预臭氧化系统、二氧化氯发生系统等单元的处理得以回用。装置投用后满负荷生产每年可减排污水约80多万吨,减排COD约80t。文章针对存在的问题进行了分析并提出了对策措施。     

城市地表污染物累积和降雨径流冲刷过程研究进展

城市地表污染物是城市降雨径流污染的主要来源,其累积和降雨冲刷过程分别是沉降-悬浮-再沉降以及悬浮-沉淀-再悬浮的动态过程。描述累积过程的模型主要有线性、指数、对数等形式,其中以指数及一些变形形式发展相对成熟并得到了广泛的应用。这些模型都将雨前干期天数（ADWP）作为主要的影响因子。而描述冲刷过程的模型主要基于一级反应动力学假设,这类模型已被人们广泛接受。为使冲刷模型更接近实际,人们进一步在其中引入了雨天排污因素,并取得较好的成效。虽然城市地表径流的研究取得了较大的进步,但是目前的模型基本属于经验型或基于大量监测数据的统计学模型,尚缺对污染物输移过程的机理性描述。因此,从城市地表污染物输移过程的机理出发,建立城市地表污染物累积和降雨冲刷过程的物理模型是今后城市降雨径流污染研究工作中一个亟待解决的问题.     

餐饮业烟道油垢燃烧特性及动力学模型

利用热重分析仪研究了餐饮业油烟道油垢在不同升温速率下的燃烧特性.所采用的升温速率分别为5℃/min、15℃/min和25℃/min.吹扫气体为干空气,流量为20 mL/min.结果表明,试样从常温至800℃的升温燃烧经历了第1步水分析出、第2～5步燃烧失重过程.采用Doyle和Coats-Redfern方法建立了"4阶段1级反应动力学模型",计算燃烧反应的动力学参数.并用试验热重曲线验证了模型的可靠性.研究表明,油垢燃烧失重的4个主要过程均可用简单反应动力学模型进行简化,反应级数为1;燃烧总趋势是随升温速率提高,活化能增大.     

电化学氧化处理生物难降解有机废水的研究进展

综述了电化学氧化技术的特点,通过电极材料、溶液pH、溶液中的离子等方面阐述了电化学氧化的作用机理和运行的最佳反应条件,并简单介绍电化学氧化与其他高级氧化、催化技术的协同作用,同时对今后的研究方向提出展望.     

厌氧复合床/生物接触氧化反应器处理垃圾渗滤液

采用厌氧复合床/生物接触氧化反应器(UBF/BCOR)处理垃圾渗滤液.试验结果表明,经60 d微生物培养,UBF/BCOR顺利完成启动;通过变负荷试验.确定UBF/BCOR的COD容积负荷最大为9.54 kg/(m3·d);UBF/BCOR稳定运行后期,COD总去除率平均为87.8%,BOD5总去除率平均为93.5%,NH3-N总去除率平均为72.4%,去除效果较好;UBF/BCOR的pH大致保持在弱碱性,能够满足微生物生长需要,因此试验过程中不需调节pH.     

Sources and seasonal variation of atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Dalian,China: Factor analysis with non-negative constraints combined with local source fingerprints

Vapor- and particulate-phase polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) samples were continuously collected at an urban site in Dalian, China, during the heating and non-heating period. There is strong temperature dependence and obvious seasonal trend for atmospheric PAHs, and significant positive correlations of atmospheric PAHs with SO₂ and CO concentrations were observed. Factor analysis model with non-negative constraints (FA–NNC) combined with local and literature PAH source fingerprints was successful in source identification of particulate PAHs in the atmospheric samples. The results suggested that, in heating period, the main pollution sources were identified as coal-fired boiler emission (56%), residential coal combustion (33%) and traffic emissions (11%). As for non-heating period, the main sources were gasoline engine emission, traffic tunnel emission and coal-fired power plant, and the overall source contributions of traffic emission (gasoline engine + traffic tunnel) were 79% and coal-fired power plant 21%. The current results support our previous study and provide new insights. This can be the first attempt to quantitatively apportion air organic pollutants using receptor models combined with local source fingerprints. The source fingerprints can be used as reference data for source apportionment of atmospheric PAHs of China.     

一株高效耐冷菌的分离鉴定及降解特性研究

寒冷地区水温偏低,污水生物处理效果差,出水达标困难。从寒冷地区水土样品中,分离到数株能在2℃下生长的低温菌株,选择优势菌N进行重点研究。从脱氢酶活性机制上,考察了不同条件对N菌株降解能力的影响;对比研究了它与常温活性污泥降解能力和脱氢酶活性的差异。结果表明:N菌株属于耐冷型低温微生物,结合16S rDNA序列同源性分析及生理生化特性鉴定为黄假单胞菌;5℃曝气8 h,接种废水COD、氨氮去除率均在90%以上;低温条件下,该耐冷菌对生活污水降解率比常温活性污泥高出40%,脱氢酶具有更高的活性,在低温污水处理方面具有广阔的应用前景。