Characteristics of oxytetracycline sorption and potential bioavailability in soils with various physical-chemical properties

Veterinary antibiotics are widely used for disease treatment, prevention and animal growth promoting. Frequent detection of veterinary antibiotics in environments, caused by land application of untreated or even treated antibiotics-containing animal wastes, has posed the growing concern of their adverse effect on natural ecosystems. Oxytetracycline (OTC) is one of the most widely-used veterinary antibiotics in livestock industry. OTC present as a cation, zwitterions, or net negatively charged ion in soils complicates predicting its sorption characteristics and potential bioavailability and toxicity. This study was to identify soil properties influencing OTC sorption and its subsequent bioavailability in five soils with various physical-chemical properties. A solution used to determine bioavailable analytes in soils and sediments, 1 M MgCl₂ (pH 8.5), was chosen to desorb the potentially bioavailable fraction of OTC sorbed onto soils. Our results demonstrated that soils with higher illite content and permanent cation exchange capacity have higher OTC sorption capacity, but increase the availability of sorbed OTC indicated by higher release of sorbed OTC from soils into aqueous phase in 1 M MgCl₂ (pH 8.5). Reversely, soil organic matter (SOM), clay, kaolinite, variable cation exchange capacity, DCB-Fe and -Al have lower OTC sorption capacity, but decrease the release of sorbed OTC from soils into 1 M MgCl₂. These findings indicate that SOM and clay greatly influence OTC adsorption and potential availability. This study contributes significantly to our understanding of the potential bioavailability of sorbed OTC and the effects of soil properties on OTC sorption behaviors in soils.     

电解锰渣二次提取锰和氨氮的研究

锰渣处理是电解锰行业的一个重大环境问题.为了实现锰渣无害化处理和资源化利用,用蒸馏水和阳极液作提取剂,对从锰渣中二次提取锰和氨氮进行了研究.考察了液固比、提取剂种类、提取时间、提取温度、超声波作用对锰、氨氮提取效果的影响,且对提取前后的锰渣成分进行了检测与表征.研究结果表明:阳极液对锰的提取效果明显优于蒸馏水,而蒸馏水...     

火炸药企业重大事故隐患危险性评估的计算机自学习实现

通过对火炸药工厂重大事故隐患危险性评估方法的分析,以计算机自学习的基本结构为主线,详细探讨了以机械学习策略完成该评估程序中对新危险品源自学习的过程。对此过程中知识表示等几个应注意的问题进行了描述     

利用环己酮下脚料合成盐酸缓蚀剂

以环己酮下脚料,甲醛和脂肪胺为原料,合成了一种新的盐酸缓蚀剂,用失重法测定了合成物在盐酸中对２０＃碳钢的缓蚀性能,研究了温度和浓度对缓蚀性能的影响,结果表明,在６０℃、２０％盐酸溶液中,添加０．２％合成缓蚀剂,缓蚀效率在９９％以上。     

酚类化合物短期暴露对小麦和大麦苗期根伸长的影响

采用小麦和大麦为受试作物,以其在受试化合物污染的土壤中培育3 d后获得的根伸长的半数抑制浓度(IC50)评价了12种酚类化合物的毒性效应。结果表明,在所设浓度范围内,酚类对作物根伸长均存在剂量-效应关系。小麦对受试酚类的IC50范围为:12.92~231.76 mg·kg-1,其中邻苯二酚只在最高浓度500 mg·kg-1时对小麦的毒性效应显著。大麦对受试化合物的IC50范围为:7.15~478.31 mg·kg-1。小麦对3-甲基酚、双酚A、2-萘酚和壬基酚相对敏感,而其它8种化合物则是大麦相对更敏感。酚类化合物对小麦和大麦的毒性强度整体趋势一致。     

天津市海岸带地下水重金属特征与健康风险评价

为了解天津市海岸带地下水重金属的分布特征、海水入侵对重金属含量的影响及其对居民健康的影响,运用统计学、相关性分析等方法对研究区海水入侵情况、地下水重金属特征及海水入侵对地下水重金属含量的影响进行了研究,并运用USEPA的健康风险评价模型对地下水中重金属产生的健康风险做出了评价。结果表明:重金属含量排序为Mn>Ba>Zn>Cu>As>Ni>Cr>Pb>Cd,研究区地下水受海水入侵影响明显,导致地下水中Mn含量上升;重金属致癌风险排序为Cr>As>Cd,健康风险排序为Mn>Cu>Pb>Ba>Ni>Zn,其中Mn的健康风险远大于其他重金属,海水入侵对健康风险程度产生较大影响;整体而言,研究区地下水中致癌污染物的致癌风险大于非致癌污染物的健康风险。     

基于环境一号卫星的自然保护区生态系统健康评价

以生态系统健康及压力－状态响应模型作为研究方法,设计了一套基于环境一号卫星CCD数据的自然保护区生态系统健康评价评价方法、指标体系和技术流程.同时选择向海湿地自然保护区为示范区,以环境一号卫星CCD影像为数据源, 对指标, 对其生态系统健康现状进行了评价.结果表明,向海湿地自然保护区生态系统相对不健康、中等健康、较健康和相对健康的区域面积分别占整个自然保护区总面积的46.49%、18.02%、21.18%、14.31%,整个自然保护区生态系统健康水平一般,人类干扰严重,组织结构不太合理.向海湿地自然保护区生态系统健康水平一般的主要原因是人类活动日益增强和年降水量明显减少.     

镧改性沸石对太湖底泥-水系统中磷的固定作用

考察了不同反应时间、pH值、硅酸根离子浓度、DO浓度、老化时间以及初始磷浓度等条件下一种新型底泥改良剂-镧改性沸石对太湖底泥-水系统中磷的固定作用.当水中磷浓度很低时,太湖底泥和镧改性沸石改良太湖底泥均释放出磷.镧改性沸石改良太湖底泥的释磷量少于太湖底泥.镧改性沸石改良太湖底泥中金属氧化物结合态磷(NaOH-P)和钙结合态磷(HCl-P)等较为稳定形态磷含量多于太湖底泥,而镧改性沸石改良太湖底泥中氧化还原敏感态磷(BD-P)这种不稳定形态磷含量少于太湖底泥.太湖底泥和镧改性沸石改良太湖底泥对水中较高浓度磷酸盐的吸附平衡数据均可以采用Langmuir等温吸附模型加以描述.镧改性沸石改良太湖底泥对水中磷酸盐的吸附能力明显高于太湖底泥,且吸附能力随老化时间的增加而降低.被镧改性沸石所吸附的磷酸盐主要以NaOH-P和HCl-P等较为稳定形态磷存在,不容易被重新释放出来.上述结果表明,采用镧改性沸石对太湖底泥进行原位改良可以增强太湖底泥对磷的固定能力,减少太湖底泥磷的释放.     

铜胁迫对农田土壤酶活性、细菌和古菌数量的影响

为了研究铜矿周边农田土壤中不同Cu含量对土壤酶活性、细菌和古菌基因拷贝数的影响,在铜矿周边农田土壤中采集了8个不同Cu含量的土壤,测定土壤的酶活性、细菌和古菌基因拷贝数,结果表明,土壤总Cu含量为28.30~1 019.27mg·kg~(-1),酸可提取态Cu含量为335~415.11 mg·kg~(-1),细菌16S rRNA基因拷贝数在每克干土3.10×10~(10)~1.84×10~(11)个之间,古茵16S rRNA基因拷贝数在每克干土737×10~8~6.82×10~9个之间。土壤总Cu和酸可提取态Cu含量对土壤脲酶活性影响较大,但对土壤脱氢酶和转化酶活性影响不显著。土壤细菌基因拷贝数均与总Cu含量、各形态Cu含量呈极显著的负相关关系,同样土壤古菌基因拷贝数与总Cu含量、各形态Cu含量也均呈极显著的负相关关系,说明Cu胁迫对土壤细菌和古菌活性具有较大的抑制作用。     

Simultaneous removal of arsenate and fluoride from water by AI-Fe （hydr）oxides

A1-Fe （hydr）oxides with different A1/Fe molar ratios （4：1, 1：1, 1：4, 0：1） were prepared using a co- precipitation method and were then employed for simultaneous removal of arsenate and fluoride. The 4A1 ： Fe was superior to other adsorbents for removal of arsenate and fluoride in the pH range of 5.0-9.0. The adsorption capacity of the A1-Fe （hydr）oxides for arsenate and fluoride at pH 6.50.3 increased with increasing A1 content in the adsorbents. The linear relationship between the amount of OH released from the adsorbent and the amount of arsenate or fluoride adsorbent by 4A1 ： Fe indicated that the adsorption of arsenate and fluoride by A1- Fe （hydr）oxides was realized primarily through quantita- tive ligand exchange. Moreover, there was a very good correlation between the surface hydroxyl group densities of A1-Fe （hydr）oxides and their adsorption capacities for arsenate or fluoride. The highest adsorption capacity for arsenate and fluoride by 4A1 ： Fe is mainly ascribed to its highest surface hydroxyl group density besides its largest pHpzc. The dosage of adsorbent necessary to remove arsenate and fluoride to meet the drinking water standard was mainly determined by the presence of fluoride since fluoride was generally present in groundwater at much higher concentration than arsenate.