黑臭河道中聚乙烯醇/海藻酸钠固定微米沸石粉去除氨氮

采用聚乙烯醇和海藻酸钠对微米沸石粉进行固定,通过批次吸附实验探究水凝珠去除氨氮的效果及其机制.结果表明:PAZ-20的投加量超过10 g·L-1时,氨氮去除率达到了 80％之上.pH为3～8时,pH增加对PAZ吸附氨氮影响不大,当pH从9增至11时,氨氮去除率随pH的增大而显著减小,PAZ吸附氨氮的最佳pH为7.水温为5～25℃时,氨氮去除率随温度升高而逐渐上升,25～35℃内略有上升,水温升至401,氨氮去除率有所下降.准二级动力学方程和Langmuir吸附等温线模型能够更好地拟合PAZ吸附氨氮.PAZ-20对于水中阳离子的吸附能力为:K+＞Mg2+＞Na+＞Ca2+.共存阳离子对PAZ吸附氨氮的影响程度为:K+＞Na+＞Ca2+＞Mg2+.扫描电镜和傅里叶红外光谱分析显示微米沸石粉被良好地固定在聚乙烯醇/海藻酸钠中.PAZ可用于黑臭河道的治理,且受共存阳离子的干扰较小.     

HLB-MR反应器直接处理城市污水及回收有机物

采用中空纤维超滤膜组件构建了高负荷生物絮凝-膜反应器（HLB-MR）,对其直接处理城市污水及回收有机物进行了研究.结果表明：当水力停留时间（HRT）为1.0h,固体停留时间（SRT）为0.2d时,该工艺可回收进水总COD的60.8%,据估算约有39%的进水总COD可通过中温厌氧消化转化为甲烷能源回收,有机物的甲烷转化率为活性污泥法剩余污泥的2倍以上,能实现污水中有机物的高效回收和利用;经过有机物回收后膜出水的COD能稳定保持在30mg/L左右,且出水中氮、磷营养物保有值均较高又不含固体杂质和病原体,可将其用作灌溉用水,实现水资源回用;SRT分别为0.2,0.6,1.0d时,反应器对胶体COD絮凝效率分别为81.9%、95.1%、96.8%,絮凝效率越高,膜污染越轻,良好的生物絮凝效果可有效减轻膜污染,保证工艺的稳定运行.     

Low-carbon transition of iron and steel industry in China: Carbon intensity,economic growth and policy intervention

As the biggest iron and steel producer in the world and one of the highest CO₂ emission sectors, China's iron and steel industry is undergoing a low-carbon transition accompanied by remarkable technological progress and investment adjustment, in response to the macroeconomic climate and policy intervention. Many drivers of the CO₂ emissions of the iron and steel industry have been explored, but the relationships between CO₂ abatement, investment and technological expenditure, and their connections with the economic growth and governmental policies in China, have not been conjointly and empirically examined. We proposed a concise conceptual model and an econometric model to investigate this crucial question. The results of regression, Granger causality test and impulse response analysis indicated that technological expenditure can significantly reduce CO₂ emissions, and that investment expansion showed a negative impact on CO₂ emission reduction. It was also argued with empirical evidence that a good economic situation favored CO₂ abatement in China's iron and steel industry, while achieving CO₂ emission reduction in this industrial sector did not necessarily threaten economic growth. This shed light on the dispute over balancing emission cutting and economic growth. Regarding the policy aspects, the year 2000 was found to be an important turning point for policy evolution and the development of the iron and steel industry in China. The subsequent command and control policies had a significant, positive effect on CO₂ abatement.     

Dovehicular emissions dominate the source of C6-C8aromatics in the megacity Shanghai of eastern China?

The characteristic ratios of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) to i-pentane, the indicator of vehicular emissions, were employed to apportion the vehicular and non-vehicular contributions to reactive species in urban Shanghai. Two kinds of tunnel experiments, one tunnelwith more than 90% light duty gasoline vehicles and the otherwithmore than 60% light duty diesel vehicles, were carried out to study the characteristic ratios of vehicle-related emissions from December 2009 to January 2010. Based on the experiments, the characteristic ratios of C6-C8 aromatics to i-pentane of vehicular emissions were 0.53 ± 0.08 (benzene), 0.70 ± 0.12 (toluene), 0.41 ± 0.09 (m,p-xylenes), 0.16 ± 0.04 (o-xylene), 0.023 ± 0.011 (styrene), and 0.15 ± 0.02 (ethylbenzene), respectively. The source apportionment results showed that around 23.3% of C6-C8 aromatics in urban Shanghai were from vehicular emissions, which meant that the non-vehicular emissions had more importance. These findings suggested that emission control of non-vehicular sources, i.e. industrial emissions, should also receive attention in addition to the control of vehicle-related emissions in Shanghai. The chemical removal of VOCs during the transport from emissions to the receptor site had a large impact on the apportionment results. Generally, the overestimation of vehicular contributions would occur when the VOC reaction rate constant with OH radicals (k_OH) was larger than that of the vehicular indicator, while for species with smaller kOH than the vehicular indicator, the vehicular contribution would be underestimated by the method of characteristic ratios.     

Low-carbon transition of iron and steel industry in China: Carbon intensity,economic growth and policy intervention

As the biggest iron and steel producer in the world and one of the highest CO2 emission sectors, China’s iron and steel industry is undergoing a low-carbon transition accompanied by remarkable technological progress and investment adjustment, in response to the macroeconomic climate and policy intervention. Many drivers of the CO2 emissions of the iron and steel industry have been explored, but the relationships between CO2 abatement,investment and technological expenditure, and their connections with the economic growth and governmental policies in China, have not been conjointly and empirically examined. We proposed a concise conceptual model and an econometric model to investigate this crucial question. The results of regression, Granger causality test and impulse response analysis indicated that technological expenditure can significantly reduce CO2 emissions, and that investment expansion showed a negative impact on CO2 emission reduction. It was also argued with empirical evidence that a good economic situation favored CO2 abatement in China’s iron and steel industry, while achieving CO2 emission reduction in this industrial sector did not necessarily threaten economic growth.This shed light on the dispute over balancing emission cutting and economic growth.Regarding the policy aspects, the year 2000 was found to be an important turning point for policy evolution and the development of the iron and steel industry in China. The subsequent command and control policies had a significant, positive effect on CO2 abatement.     

新疆焉耆盆地平原区地下水质量评价与污染成因探讨

地下水作为一种洁净而又丰富的淡水资源,已经成为新疆工农业生产及生活的主要水源,起着至关重要的作用。本文依据2014年42组地下水样品,采用溶解性总固体(TDS)、总硬度(TH)、Cl~-、SO_4~(2-)、NO_3~-、F~-、铁(Fe)、锰(Mn)为评价项目,利用单项指标评价法进行地下水质量评价,统计了新疆焉耆盆地平原区各评价指标在不同水质级别所占的比例;采用8组2011年和2014年同一监测井的化学组分浓度对比法进行地下水污染评价,对地下水水质变化趋势进行分析;分析了地下水的污染原因。地下水质量评价结果表明2014年潜水、浅层承压水和深层承压水Ⅳ-Ⅴ类水质所占比例之和分别25.0%、45.5%和29.7%,部分地区地下水受地表水补给导致铁含量超标;地下水污染评价结果表明2011~2014年地下水劣变程度为"潜水深层承压水浅层承压水"。影响焉耆盆地平原区地下水水质的主要因素是人类活动,尤其是城镇化的快速发展以及农业生产。     

太湖表层沉积物重金属的分布、来源与生态风险评价

对2010年太湖表层沉积物样品进行pH、温度、氧化还原电位、含水率、孔隙度、粒径、总磷和烧失量这8种理化指标和Cu、Zn、Ni、Cr、Pb、Ba、Mn、Co和V这9种重金属含量测定分析.结果表明,太湖表层沉积物重金属含量大小为：Mn>Ba>Zn>Cr>V>Ni>Pb>Cu>Co,且各重金属含量均超过背景值,这9种重金属与太湖流域地质作用紧密相连,同时也受到了不同程度人类活动的影响.通过聚类分析和重金属空间分布分析可知,北太湖段和南太湖段重金属含量均从湖岸向湖心有所减少,西太湖段重金属含量从湖岸向湖心有所增高,湖心区重金属含量分布相对均匀.通过相关性分析可知,不同重金属在不同程度上具有正相关性,反映其具有同一污染来源.通过PCA和PMF分析可知,太湖重金属来源多样,交通和工业复合源是最主要的来源,成岩作用是第二主要来源,农业是第三主要来源.此外,收集分析了2000~2020年太湖表层沉积物重金属的污染情况,通过重金属地累积指数和潜在生态风险指数可知,Cu、Zn、Ni、Cr和Pb的污染程度和潜在生态风险均呈下降趋势.这为太湖今后的重金属污染控制提供了有力的理论支撑.     

Degradation of tris(1-chloro-2-propanyl) phosphate by the synergistic effect of persulfate and zero-valent iron during a mechanochemical process

This study revealed a dual pathway for the degradation of tris(1-chloro-2-propanyl) phosphate (TCPP) by zero-valent iron (ZVI) and persulfate as co-milling agents in a mechanochemical (MC) process. Persulfate was activated with ZVI to degrade TCPP in a planetary ball mill. After milling for 2 h, 96.5% of the TCPP was degraded with the release of 63.16, 50.39, and 42.01% of the Cl^?, SO₄^2?, and PO₄^3?, respectively. In the first degradation pathway, persulfate was activated with ZVI to produce hydroxyl (·OH) radicals, and ZVI is oxidized to Fe(II) and Fe(III). A substitution reaction occurred as a result of the attack of ·OH on the P–O–C bonds, leading to the successive breakage of the three P–O–C bonds in TCPP to produce PO₄^3?. In the second pathway, a C–Cl bond in part of the TCPP molecule was oxidized by SO₄·^? to carbonyl and carboxyl groups. The P–O–C bonds continued to react with ·OH to produce PO₄^3?. Finally, the intermediate organochloride products were further reductively dechlorinated by ZVI. However, the synergistic effect of the oxidation (·OH and SO₄·^?) and the reduction reaction (ZVI) did not completely degrade TCPP to CO₂, resulting in a low mineralization rate (35.87%). Moreover, the intermediate products still showed the toxicities in LD₅₀ and developmental toxicant. In addition, the method was applied for the degradation of TCPP in soil, and high degradations (>?83.83%) were achieved in different types of soils.

     

三氯化铝在酸性环境中对斑马鱼幼鱼运动及学习记忆能力的影响

以斑马鱼胚胎和幼鱼为实验对象,探讨三氯化铝(Al Cl3)在酸性环境中对斑马鱼幼鱼运动能力及学习记忆的影响。将受精后6 h(hours post-fertilization)的斑马鱼胚胎分成2个大组,分别为对照组和三氯化铝组,以观察三氯化铝的毒性作用。每一大组又分为中性(pH7.4)、微酸(pH6.4)和酸性(pH5.4)组,以观察酸性环境分别及与三氯化铝的共同毒性作用。分别采用72 hpf斑马鱼幼鱼机械逃避反射实验、144 hpf斑马鱼幼鱼自发运动、168 hpf单一多次光刺激斑马鱼幼鱼实验等探讨在中性、微酸和酸性环境下暴露铝离子对斑马鱼幼鱼运动能力以及学习记忆的影响。结果显示:与中性环境下的三氯化铝组相比,微酸和酸性环境下的三氯化铝组可以使斑马鱼幼鱼机械逃避次数减少(P0.05),平均速度和移动距离下降(P0.001),斑马鱼幼鱼运动轨迹杂乱无章,自发触壁活动减少;单一多次光刺激实验结果发现,微酸和酸性环境下的三氯化铝组使斑马鱼幼鱼到达平台速度的光照次数显著增加且差异具有统计学意义(P0.001)。以上结果说明,三氯化铝在微酸和酸性环境下,能导致斑马鱼幼鱼运动能力及学习记忆能力下降,并且酸度值越小,对斑马鱼幼鱼运动和学习记忆的影响更显著。酸度值与三氯化铝之间存在协同作用,酸性环境可以使三氯化铝毒性增加。     

自噬抑制剂3-甲基腺嘌呤在纳米氧化铝致斑马鱼幼鱼早期神经毒性中的作用

由于纳米氧化铝(alumina nanoparticles,AlNPs)独特的理化性质,被广泛应用于医药、电子和化妆品等多个领域,但关于AlNPs的早期神经毒性效应及其潜在机制尚未完全阐明.为探讨AlNPs的毒作用机制,以及自噬抑制剂3-甲基腺嘌呤(3-methyladenine,3MA)对AlNPs致斑马鱼幼鱼早期神经毒性的影响,将6 hpf(hours post-fertilization)的斑马鱼胚胎分为对照组、3MA组、AlNPs组和AlNPs+3MA组.观察胚胎和幼鱼的形态学变化以及幼鱼的一般毒性,并检测神经行为改变、氧化应激水平以及幼鱼体内自噬相关基因beclin1、lc3Ⅱ和vps34的表达情况.结果表明,各组幼鱼在死亡率、孵化率和畸形率方面无显著性差异.形态学观察结果显示,AlNPs组受精卵在12 hpf和24 hpf出现发育迟缓,加入3MA后,在24 hpf后受精卵发育好转.运动行为检测发现,AlNPs组幼鱼黑暗状态下的平均速度、移动距离和趋触性程度显著降低(P<0.05).在强光刺激下的惊恐逃避反射实验中,AlNPs组幼鱼在光照时的速度显著降低(P<0.05).氧化应激水平检测结果显示,AlNPs组超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)活性显著降低(P<0.05),而AlNPs组乳酸脱氢酶(lactate dehydrogenase,LDH)活性显著升高(P<0.05).自噬相关基因beclin1、lc3Ⅱ和vps34在AlNPs组表达均显著升高,加入3MA后,基因表达降低,并具有统计学意义(P<0.05).上述结果表明,AlNPs诱导过度自噬的发生造成斑马鱼幼鱼早期神经毒性,而3MA可以减轻AlNPs引起的氧化损伤并下调自噬相关基因的表达,明显改善AlNPs暴露所致的早期神经毒性.