含油污泥的水热法减量处理

采用水热技术处理含油污泥,考察了反应温度和反应时间对水热处理后含油污泥性质的影响,分析了含油污泥的减量化效果。实验结果表明：对含水率为70.6%（w）、含油率为32.0%（w）的含油污泥进行水热处理时,与反应时间相比,反应温度对含油污泥的脱水性能影响更大,是影响含油污泥热水解反应的重要因素;含油污泥经水热处理后,脱水性能得到改善,在所有实验条件下减量化率均高于78.8%,其中,在反应温度190 ℃、反应时间30 min的条件下,减量化率达到88.2%。     

不同底质和透明度下马来眼子菜的表型可塑性研究

马来眼子菜(Potamogeton malaianusMiq.)是目前太湖沉水植物优势种之一。文章比较分析了3种不同底质和透明度情况下马来眼子菜的生长特征,探索其在太湖不断扩展的原因及其适应性。分别选取粘土质粉砂、粉砂和下蜀黄土底质上生长的马来眼子菜进行观察试验。结果表明,这3种底质在粒度组成、营养盐和分布特征上具有显著差异。在太湖粘土质粉砂和粉砂底质上马来眼子菜的生物量比下蜀黄土底质上的马来眼子菜高,其生物量随着底质营养盐的增加而增加。马来眼子菜与觅光相关的形态指标,如高度、节间距、节数、叶数、叶长及叶面积均随着底质营养盐的增加而显著增加。马来眼子菜的冠层高度与水体的透明度呈显著负相关,表明其对剧烈变化的湖泊光环境具有很强的适应能力。马来眼子菜在不同底质上的形态可塑性是其优先占据湖泊资源成为优势种的重要原因。     

淄博2021年元宵节PM2.5水溶性离子污染特征

基于在线离子数据,对淄博2021年元宵节一次PM_2.5污染过程进行成因分析,分析了水溶性离子组分污染特征,探讨了二次无机离子（SNA）的形成机制,并对比分析了污染前后颗粒物液态水含量（LWC）及pH值的变化特征.结果表明,元宵节前污染期间（T1）和元宵节夜间污染期间（T2）,ρ（WSIIs）分别为46.83μg·m^-3和71.18μg·m^-3,分别是清洁时段的2.3倍和3.6倍.其中,T1时段SNA的增长倍数（2.7倍）大于PM_2.5的增长倍数（2.1倍）,可见SNA浓度增加是引起T1时段PM_2.5浓度上升的主因;而T2时段Cl^-、 K⁺和Mg²⁺浓度增加显著,分别是清洁时段的4.0、 14.8和16.5倍,反映出烟花爆竹燃放对T2时段PM_2.5浓度快速增长的影响.污染期间LWC为49.37μg·m^-3,是清洁期的2.9倍;T1时段LWC主要受RH和NH⁺     

青岛近海秋季生物气溶胶分布特征

生物气溶胶是大气气溶胶的重要组成部分,对生物气溶胶的分布特征进行分析对于了解其对人体健康和大气环境的影响具有重要作用.于2007年9-10月运用安德森6级生物粒子采样器在青岛近海连续采集生物气溶胶样品,探讨陆源和海源细菌及真菌的浓度和粒径分布特征.结果表明,青岛近海生物气溶胶中陆源细菌浓度高于海源细菌,而陆源真菌浓度低于海源真菌,海源菌总数高于陆源菌;陆源和海源细菌及真菌浓度分布表现为上午﹥下午﹥中午.9-10月陆源和海源细菌主要分布在大于2.1 (m的粒子中,占总数的80.0%以上,呈偏态分布;9月陆源和海源真菌主要分布在2.1~7.0 (m的粒子中,10月陆源和海源真菌主要分布在1.1~4.7 (m的粒子中,呈对数正态分布.总体而言,青岛近海生物气溶胶受到陆地与海洋的双重影响,海洋影响更为显著.     

桑沟湾溶解态汞的生物地球化学行为

作为一种毒性极强的重金属元素,汞在海洋中可以通过海洋生物的呼吸、摄食和吸附等过程被利用,并在沿食物链传递的过程中不断富集,最终危害人类的健康。利用冷原子荧光光度法(CV-AFS)对2011年4月、8月、10月和2012年1月桑沟湾溶解态无机汞(DIHg)和溶解态有机汞(DOHg)的含量进行了测定。结果表明,桑沟湾四个季节DIHg的浓度范围分别为52~865、131~359、31~134和22~119 pmol·L-1,DOHg的浓度范围分别为37~214、52~635、21~98和未检出~51 pmol·L-1。桑沟湾DIHg和DOHg具有相似的分布特征,均呈现出从近岸向外海逐渐降低的趋势,有明显的季节变化。桑沟湾DIHg和DOHg的周日变化与潮汐呈现出较好的负相关关系,且存在明显的昼夜差异。影响桑沟湾DIHg和DOHg分布的主要因素包括河流和地下水的输入、大气的干湿沉降、与黄海的交换、活性气态汞(Hg0)在海-气界面的交换、表层水体发生的光化学还原反应以及养殖生物的清除等。通过初步计算,桑沟湾溶解态汞(TDHg)的存留时间约为(1.27±0.53)年,远远低于大洋。根据美国国家环境保护局汞的质量标准和我国地表水环境质量标准,桑沟湾没有明显的汞污染。但海产品体内富集的汞可能会带来潜在的生态危机和食品安全问题,需要相关部门加以重视,确保桑沟湾养殖产业的平衡发展。     

生物活性滤池中微生物的生长研究

研究了活性炭一石英砂双层滤料生物活性滤池的挂膜过程。结果表明，在生物活性滤池中，微生物的生长速度是不同的：异养细菌生长速度最快，亚硝化细菌次之，硝化细菌最慢，整个挂膜过程历时3个月。在生物活性滤池内，异养细菌、亚硝化细菌和硝化细菌等三大微生物类群之间无明显的竞争关系，在后两者之间表现为互生关系；而在各个类群内部成员之间则表现为对基质的竞争关系。     

Start-up of the anammox process from the conventional activated sludge in a hybrid bioreactor

The anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) process was successfully started up from conventional activated sludge using a hybrid bioreactor within 2 months. The average removal efficiencies of ammonia and nitrite were both over 80%, and the maximum total nitrogen removal rate of 1.85 kg N/(m³.day) was obtained on day 362 with the initial sludge concentration of 0.7 g mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS)/L. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) observation of the granular sludge in the hybrid reactor clearly showed a high degree of compactness and cell sphericity, and the cell size was quite uniform. Transmission electron microscope photos showed that cells were round or oval, the cellular diameter was 0.6--1.0 μupm, and the percentage of the anammoxosome compartment was 51%--85% of the whole cell volume. Fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis (FISH) indicated that anammox bacteria became the dominant population in the community (accounting for more than 51% of total bacteria on day 250). Seven planctomycete 16S rRNA gene sequences were present in the 16S rRNA gene clone library generated from the biomass and affiliated to Candidatus Kuenenia stuttgartiensis and Candidatus Brocadia sp., a new anammox species. In addition, the average effluent suspended solid (MLSS) concentrations of outlets I (above the non-woven carrier) and II (below the non-woven carrier) were 0.0009 and 0.0035 g/L, respectively. This showed that the non-woven carrier could catch the biomass effectively, which increased biomass and improved the nitrogen removal rate in the reactor.     

Characterization of particle number size distribution and new particle formation in Southern China

Knowledge of particle number size distribution(PND) and new particle formation(NPF)events in Southern China is essential for mitigation strategies related to submicron particles and their effects on regional air quality,haze,and human health.In this study,seven field measurement campaigns were conducted from December 2013 to May 2015 using a scanning mobility particle sizer(SMPS) at four sites in Southern China,including three urban sites and one background site.Particles were measured in the size range of15-515 nm,and the median particle number concentrations(PNCs) were found to vary in the range of 0.3× 10~4-2.2 × 10~4 cn~(-3) at the urban sites and were approximately 0.2 × 10~4 cm~(-3) at the background site.The peak diameters at the different sites varied largely from 22 to 102 nm.The PNCs in the Aitken mode(25-100 nm) at the urban sites were up to 10 times higher than they were at the background site,indicating large primary emissions from traffic at the urban sites.The diurnal variations of PNCs were significantly influenced by both rush hour traffic at the urban sites and NPF events.The frequencies of NPF events at the different sites were0%-30%,with the highest frequency occurring at an urban site during autumn.With higher SO_2 concentrations and higher ambient temperatures being necessary,NPF at the urban site was found to be more influenced by atmospheric oxidizing capability,while NPF at the background site was limited by the condensation sink.This study provides a unique dataset of particle number and size information in various environments in Southern China,which can help understand the sources,formation,and the climate forcing of aerosols in this quickly developing region,as well as help constrain and validate NPF modeling.     

Pre-oxidation with KMnO4 changes extra-cellular organic matter's secretion characteristics to improve algal removal by coagulation with a low dosage of polyaluminium chloride

Microcystis aeruginosa was used to study the effect of KMnO4 pre-oxidation on algal removal through coagulation with polyaluminium chloride (PAC).KMnO4 pre-oxidation improved the coagulation efficiency of algal at a low dosage of PAC.The optimal KMnO4 feeding period was in the stationary growth phase of Microcystis aeruginosa.KMnO4 traumatized the algal cells and stimulated cellular release of organic matter,contributing to the pool of extra-cellular organic matter (EOM).KMnO4 also decomposed EOM,especially small molecular weight EOM.Lower concentrations of KMnO4,such as 2 mg/L,induced algae cells to produce moderate amounts of new EOM with molecular weights of 11,280,and 1500 kDa.These relatively large molecules combined easily with PAC,promoting coagulation and removal of algae.High concentrations of KMnO4 lysed algae cells and produced much high-molecular-weight EOM that did not enhance flocculation by PAC at lower dosages.     

基于水下光场结构的巢湖初级生产力评价

根据2009年6月巢湖32个样点的实测数据以及归一化PAR强度数据,探讨巢湖水体的水下光场结构,并计算该水域的真光层深度,在此基础上结合叶绿素a浓度评价其初级生产力.结果表明,巢湖水体水下光强随着深度的增加呈现出指数衰减趋势,水深1 m处光强只有表层光强的0.07%～15.17%;且不同水深处的光场分布总体呈现出西部湖...