加快重庆市环保产业发展的建议

近年来,重庆市政府已将环保产业列为重庆市重点扶持的产业之一,西部大开发、三峡库区建设、老工业基地调整改造给重庆市环保产业带来了巨大的市场.但是由于技术、市场、体制、管理等多方面的原因,环保产业的发展还存在诸多亟待解决的问题,针对这些问题进行分析和对策研究对于推动环保产业的健康快速发展具有十分重要的意义.[编者按]     

三维场量的等值线生成算法

提出了一种八节点六面体单元的三维场量等值线生成方法。经实例验证 ,该三维场量等值线生成方法是合理、有效的     

东非大裂谷中段湖山探秘--肯尼亚纪行之二

非州的东部有一条宽50——90公里，长6000多公里，南北纵贯非洲大陆的地堑，它就是被形象地称为“地球脸上最大刀疤”的东非大裂谷（Great Rift Vally）。它包括亚丁湾。红海和非洲大陆上一系列由块状断裂所形成的裂谷和湖盆，生成于3000万年前，可以设想，如果这一地质剧变继续下去，非洲也许会一分为二，变为两块大陆，这决非危言耸听，现在属于亚洲大陆的阿拉伯半岛和非洲第一大岛马达加斯加都是被它从非洲大陆上撕下去的。     

三维有限元模拟中的网格重划

详细论述了网格重划技术的判断准则、新旧网格之间场量传递等 ,提出了两种进行包含测试的新方法交点判断法和矢量判断法 ,并成功地应用于新旧网格之间三维场量的传递。实例应用验证了该方法的正确性和有效性。     

施用生物质炭对土壤Cd、Pb有效性影响的整合分析

大量研究表明生物质炭施用可改变重金属在土壤中的生物有效性,但这种影响取决于土壤理化性质、生物质炭的种类与施用量等.本文以公开发表的81篇有关生物质炭与土壤重金属有效性的研究论文为基础进行归纳整理,采用数据整合分析方法,从土壤性质、生物质炭的特性与施用量等方面量化了生物质炭对土壤有效态Cd、Pb的影响.结果显示,与不施用生物质炭处理相比,施用生物质炭对土壤中Cd和Pb均具有显著的钝化效果,其有效态含量平均降低了37.59%和51.37%.其中,生物质炭对不同质地土壤Cd、Pb钝化效果表现为:砂质土壤壤质土壤粘质土壤,且生物质炭施用可使砂质土壤中有效态Cd、Pb平均降低47.18%和57.82%;生物质炭施用对弱酸性土壤Cd、Pb的钝化效果均最佳,弱酸性土壤Cd、Pb有效态含量平均降幅分别为50.05%和58.60%,略高于中性土壤,明显高于碱性土壤.从生物质炭类型看,壳渣类生物质炭施用使土壤有效态Cd、Pb降幅最大,分别为58.44%和71.28%;在500～600℃的温度区间下制备获取的生物质炭可使土壤有效态Cd、Pb显著降低52.23%和60.90%;当生物质炭pH在7～8,土壤中Cd的有效态含量降低了71.93%,当生物质炭pH小于7时,有效态Pb降幅最大为61.88%.另外,土壤Cd、Pb的钝化效果随着生物质炭施用量的增加而提高,当生物质炭施用量大于5%时,Cd、Pb有效态的降幅最大,分别达到54.41%和77.47%.可见,在选择生物质炭来修复重金属污染土壤时,应根据土壤性质来选择适宜的生物质炭种类及其施用量,以达到更好的钝化效果.     

尘氡自动监测仪的研制

文章介绍了研究采用β射线衰减吸收原理，基于内部资源比较丰富、性能全面、适用性强的AT89C51单片机系统的，能在现场直接测定总粉尘浓度，呼吸性粉尘浓度和氡气体α潜能值的自动监测仪器。介绍了尘氡自动监测仪的工作原理、测定方法和仪器结构及硬件设计方法、软件设计方法，并且根据实际情况，为使测量结果尽量准确，实验了标准修正法，获得良好效果。本仪器是环保监测仪器的更新产品。     

The enhanced PC and PEC oxidation of formic acid in aqueous solution using a Cu-TiO2/ITO film

The photocatalytic (PC) and photoelectrocatalytic (PEC) activity of Cu-TiO2/ITO films for degrading formic acid in aqueous solution was investigated in this study. Compared with a TiO2/ITO film, the degradation efficiency of formic acid on the Cu-TiO2 films increased markedly in both the PC and PEC oxidation processes. However, it was found that the photodeposited Cu metal on the Cu-TiO2 films could electrochemically dissolute during the PEC reaction, while an electrical bias with the voltage higher than 1.48 V was applied. It is believed this is a common problem occurred for several metals deposition on the TiO2 films, which results in a poor stability of the metal-deposited TiO2 electrode in PEC processes. To improve the stability of the Cu-TiO2 electrode, an alternative process between PC and PEC reactions was investigated. It was found that the dissolute Cu metal during the PEC process was re-deposited on the Cu-TiO2 film again during the PC process. The experiments with repeated runs demonstrated that this alternative process could not only overcome the loss of Cu, but also enhance the PEC oxidation efficiency of the Cu-TiO2 films.     

Role of amination of a polymeric adsorbent on phenol adsorption from aqueous solution

Adsorption of seven phenols, one aromatic carboxylic acid and one sulfonated aromatic acid from aqueous solution, by a hypercrosslinked polymeric adsorbent (CHA-111) and the derivative animated by dimethylamine was compared. The results of different adsorption isotherms indicated that amino group on the polymeric matrix played a significant role on adsorption of almost all the employed compounds. For most employed compounds adsorption capacities increase to different degree and significantly for those with lower value of pK(a). It may be attributed to the enhanced adsorbent-adsorbate interaction for amino group introduced on the polymeric matrix. The empirical Freundlich isotherm equation was employed to interpret the adsorbent-adsorbate interaction. The adsorption enthalpy change indicated the uptake of phenols on MCH-111 to be an enhanced physical adsorption because of the hydrogen-bonding interaction. Adsorption kinetic study of phenols on CHA-111 and MCH-111 was also conducted and amino group on the matrix will reduce the adsorption rate for change of pore size distribution and loss of macroprous volume as well as the hydration effect on the surface partly.     

甲壳素生产过程中色素和蛋白质的回收利用

采用乙醇为溶剂，提取虾壳中的虾红色素，通过正交试验，确定最佳工艺条件为乙醇浓度95%、温度75℃、浸提0.5h，此时虾红色素得率为4.92%。同时研究了不同pH值对蛋白质回收率的影响，当pH值=3.0时蛋白质回收率最高，为84.20%。     

牡蛎壳填料浸没式生物滤池的除磷特性

探讨如何提高普通浸没式生物滤池除磷效果为目的，采用牡蛎壳为填料，通过改变水力停留时间来考察牡蛎壳和陶粒两种填料的浸没式生物滤柱对CODMn、NH4^ -N以及PO^3--P的去除特性。结果表明，与陶粒填料相比牡蛎壳填料在对PO4^3--P的去除方面具有明显的优势，牡蛎壳良好的除磷性能主要是通过生物诱导的化学沉淀来实现的。