Climate change, water availability and future cereal production in China

Climate scenarios from a regional climate model are used to drive crop and water simulation models underpinned by the IPCC A2 and B2 socio-economic development pathways to explore water availability for agriculture in China in the 2020s and 2040s. Various measures of water availability are examined at river basin and provincial scale in relation to agricultural and non-agricultural water demand and current and planned expansions to the area under irrigation. The objectives are to understand the influences of different drivers on future water availability to support China's food production. Hydrological simulations produce moderate to large increases in total water availability in response to increases in future precipitation. Total water demand increases nationally and in most basins, but with a decreasing share for agriculture due primarily to competition from industrial, domestic and municipal sectors. Crop simulations exhibit moderate to large increases in irrigation water demand which is found to be highly sensitive to the characteristics of daily precipitation in the climate scenarios. The impacts of climate change on water availability for agriculture are small compared to the role of socio-economic development.The study identifies significant spatial differences in impacts at the river basin and provincial level. In broad terms water availability for agriculture declines in southern China and remains stable in northern China. The combined impacts of climate change and socio-economic development produce decreases in future irrigation areas, especially the area of irrigated paddy rice. Overall, the results suggest that there will be insufficient water for agriculture in China in the coming decades, due primarily to increases in water demand for non-agricultural uses, which will have significant implications for adaptation strategies and policies for agricultural production and water management.     

长沙“百里茶廊”茶园土壤重金属含量及环境质量特征

采用野外调查采样和室内分析方法测定了长沙"百里茶廊"茶叶基地土壤重金属含量,研究了其分布特征及变化规律,并用污染指数方法评价了其土壤环境质量.结果表明,土壤全铅、全汞、全镉、全铬、全砷和全镍含量值基本在土壤背景值范围内,平均含量值分别为42.7、0.068、0.074、92.2、12.4和19.5 mg/kg.均低于无公害茶叶产地环境条件标准(NY 5020-2001)所要求的最低值.根据国家<土壤环境质量标准>,长沙"百里茶廊"茶叶基地的土壤环境质量全部符合国家二级标准.且汞、镉、镍元素的含量达到国家一级标准.除湘丰茶场土壤铬的单项污染指数为0.837,处于警戒级别土壤质量尚清洁外,其它5种重金属的单项污染指数均小于0.7,处于安全级别土壤清洁无污染.6个茶叶基地的综合污染指数均小于0.7.表明长沙"百里茶廊"茶叶基地的土壤环境质量总体达到安全级别土壤清洁无污染.适合无公害茶叶基地的建设.     

老工业区环评要点——以江苏常州钟楼经济开发区新闸工业园为例

以往开发区区域环评编制对象主要是新建开发区,较少涉及工业用地开发强度几近饱和的老开发区。本文以江苏常州钟楼经济开发区中新闸工业园区的区域环评为例,围绕“优化、调整、再优化”的思路,阐述了此类开发区环评编制的评价要点及方法,以及开发区环评编制过程中如何与规划调整的反馈互动的机制,系统地提出了老工业区环境评价的技术体系,为此类经济开发区的合理规划提供了借鉴与参考。     

Biased sex ratio and low population density increase male mating success in the bug Nysius huttoni (Heteroptera: Lygaeidae)

Demographic factors such as operational sex ratio (OSR) and local population density (LPD) are temporally and spatially dynamic in the natural environment but the influence of these variables on male mating success and the mechanisms behind it are still poorly understood and highly controversial. Here, we manipulated the OSR and LPD of a seed bug, Nysius huttoni, and carried out a series of mating trials to test how these variables affected male mating success. The two demographic factors had no significant interactions, suggesting that they affect male mating success independently in N. huttoni. In this species male mating success was significantly higher in both male- and female-biased OSR than in even OSR. It is suggested that, in male-biased OSR, the increased intensity of competition and interference does not result in lower male mating success; rather, males may make more effort in courting and females may have more chance to encounter better males, resulting in higher male mating success. In female-biased OSR, females may become less choosy and less likely to reject male mating attempt, leading to the higher male mating success. Lower male mating success in N. huttoni in high LPD may be due to increased interference between males and/or delayed female receptiveness for mating. OSR had a stronger effect on male mating success than LPD in N. huttoni, suggesting that OSR and LPD affect mating success in different ways and intensities.     

外源褪黑素对As~(3+)胁迫下水稻种子萌发的影响

本文研究了添加外源褪黑素对As~(3+)胁迫下水稻种子萌发及生理指标的影响。结果表明:添加外源褪黑素能促进As~(3+)胁迫下水稻种子的萌发,提高水稻的发芽势和发芽率,促进水稻幼苗的生长。当As~(3+)浓度为100μmol·L~(-1)时,添加100μmol·L~(-1)褪黑素能使水稻种子发芽率和总根长比对照分别提高57.1%和50.0%。添加褪黑素能显著提高As~(3+)胁迫下水稻幼苗中抗氧化酶系统过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)活性和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的活性,并降低水稻幼芽中丙二醛(MDA)的含量。当As~(3+)浓度为100μmol·L~(-1)时,添加50μmol·L~(-1)和100μmol·L~(-1)褪黑素导致水稻幼芽中POD活性比对照处理分别提高57.5%和114.8%,CAT活性提高29.4%和53.8%,SOD活性提高31.5%和56.0%,丙二醛含量比对照处理降低16.5%和31.9%。添加褪黑素也能显著提高As~(3+)胁迫下水稻的根系活力,当As~(3+)浓度为100μmol·L~(-1)时,50、100μmol·L~(-1)褪黑素处理后根系活力比对照分别提高42.4%和124.1%。这说明添加外源褪黑素可缓解As~(3+)胁迫对水稻的脂质过氧化损害,有效降低As对水稻内膜的破坏,显著缓解As污染对水稻的毒害作用。     

环境行政合同研究

环境行政合同是适应市场契约精神的新兴的环境行政管理方式,存在诸多问题值得研究。本文分析阐述了环境行政合同的概念、特点、分类及作用,并对如何完善这一制度进行了探讨。     

潜流型人工湿地污水处理系统的研究

研究中等负荷有较高去除率的潜流型人工湿地污水处理系统的环境状况,湿地中水体有出水溶解氧值均为０,氧化还原电位－２００－３００ｍＶ之间,ＰＨ值偏酸,出水ＰＨ值稍低于进水,系统中Ｎ化合物主要为ＮＨ３－Ｎ,是ＮＯ３－Ｎ的４－１０倍,ＮＯ３Ｎ的１００－２００倍,说明易于进行氨化作用,而硝化作用在较低水上进行     

东北春麦对气候变化的响应预测

农业是气候变化的主要敏感部门之一,气候要素的变化必然会对农业生产带来影响,反之通过一定的管理措施,农业也可以一定程度上适应气候变化.文章采用英国 PRECIS(Providing Regional Climate for Impacts Simulation)模型输出的未来气候变化情景,利用CERES-wheat模型研究了2070s气候变化对我国东北春麦生产的影响,并对不同地区的适应水平进行了分析.结果表明,气候变化会对东北的春小麦生产带来不利影响,东北西部地区产量下降明显,灌溉春麦的产量降低幅度小于雨养春麦.CO2的肥效作用可以缓解产量的降低幅度,同时通过品种更换以及灌溉等措施也可以降低不利影响,综合的适应措施较单一措施的补偿效果更好.     

Loss coefficient of nitrogenous non-point source pollution under various precipitation conditions

In this study, calibrations of non-point source (NPS) pollution models are performed based on Black River basin historical real-time runoff data, sedimentation record data, and NPS sources survey information. The concept of NPS loss coefficient for the watershed or the loss coefficients (LC) for simplicity is brought up by examining NPS build-up and migration processes along riverbanks in natural river systems. The historical data is used for determining the nitrogenous NPS loss coefficient for five land use types including farmland, urban land, grassland, shrub land, and forest under different precipitation conditions. The comparison of outputs from Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model and coefficient export method showed that both methods could obtain reasonable LC. The high Pearson correlation coefficient (0.94722) between those two sets of calculation results justified the consistency of those two models. Another result in the study is that different combinations of precipitation condition and land use types could significantly affect the calculated loss coefficient. As for the adsorptive nitrogen, the order of impact on LC for different land use types can be sorted as: farm land > urban land > grassland > shrub land > forest while the order was farmland > grass land > shrub land > forest s>urban land for soluble nitrogen.     

光-生物双降解PS发泡餐盒

采用添加淀粉、光敏剂及生物降解促进剂的方法,制得光－生物双降解ＰＳ餐盒。探讨不同光敏剂、生物降解促进剂地餐盒降解性能的影响,并对此餐盒在自然环境中的降解性能进行了研究。结果表明,添加０．１％光敏剂ＭＲ及２％生物草芽胞杆菌,所制得的含淀粉２０％的ＰＳ发泡餐盒,在自然界中６０ｄ降解成碎片,土埋９０ｄ失重率大于７％。