广州城市污泥中重金属的含量、排放通量及农用风险评价

分析了广州市中心城区5个主要的污水处理厂污泥的基本理化性质和7种重金属(Cr、Cu、Mn、Ni、Pb、Cd和Zn)在不同雨期的浓度变化,估算了广州市污水处理厂污泥重金属的年排放通量,并对其污泥农用做了潜在风险评价。结果表明,各污水厂污泥均达到《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB 18918-2002)对重金属的排放要求,污泥的基本理化性质满足《城镇污水处理厂污泥处置农用泥质》(CJ/T309-2009)标准,沥滘、猎德、京溪和大坦沙污水厂的污泥重金属满足CJ/T309-2009要求,而西朗污水处理厂2013年12月采集的污泥中Cu和Cd未达标。通过估算,广州市污水处理厂污泥中Cr、Cu、Mn、Ni、Pb、Cd和Zn的年排放通量分别为16.1、18.8、90.3、5.9、7.9、0.2和48.3 t。通过Hakanson生态风险评估,污泥在农用过程中除西朗污水处理厂污泥重金属危害为中等风险,其他厂污泥属于低风险。     

微生物强化MBR工艺剩余污泥的好氧消化过程

为了考察原位污泥减量技术产生的长污泥龄污泥好氧消化可能性,以某污水处理厂MBR工艺产生的剩余污泥为研究对象(污泥龄为60 d),将实验筛选得到的强化效果最佳的3种菌种(分别为B4、H4和N2)分别投加到MBR剩余污泥好氧消化反应器中。经过58 d的好氧消化后,投加B4、H4和N2的3个反应器MLSS消解率分别比污泥对照提高了13.2%、11.7%和6.2%,其中投加B4菌种MLSS消化效率提高最多。MLVSS消解率分别比污泥对照提高18.8%、20.0%和11.0%。研究表明原位污泥减量技术产生的长污泥龄污泥具有污泥好氧消化的可能性,同时筛选出来的3种菌种在消化过程中有明显的强化效果。随着消化反应的进行到52 d,反应器中出现大量的硝酸盐氮和总磷的积累。观察反应过程中氨氮、硝酸盐氮、p H和总磷的变化,大量的硝酸盐存在时诱导以硝酸盐为电子受体的反硝化除磷的进行。在消化过程中,磷溶出情况取决于污泥的水解程度,投加菌种加速了总磷溶出和提高了污泥的水解程度。同时投加菌种强化好氧消化显著降低污泥的SVI,投加菌种在强化好氧消化过程中能更多地消耗污泥中有机物,进而提高消化效率。     

Species-specific effects of P-solubilizing and N<Subscript>2</Subscript>-fixing bacteria on seedling growth of three salt-tolerant trees

Coastal afforestation suffers from low survival and slow growth due to harsh conditions and lack of robust seedlings. Inoculation of P-solubilizing bacteria (PSB) or N₂-fixing bacteria (NFB) are effective in promoting plant growth and thus potentially helpful for coastal afforestation. However, it remains unclear about the generality and specificity of these plant-growth-promoting-bacteria (PGPB) on the growth of salttolerant trees. We inoculated seedlings of two mangrove trees and one terrestrial salt-tolerant tree with pure cultures of PSB or mixed cultures of PSB and NFB. Plant biomass, height, base diameter and N and P concentrations were determined six months after bacterial inoculation. We found that inoculation of PGPB had an overall promoting effect on the seedling growth of three tree species, but the effects differed greatly (3–280% increase) among plant species and bacterial isolates or bacterial combinations. Only in the terrestrial tree, co-inoculations of PSB and NFB showed greater promoting effects than monocultures of PSB. Root: shoot ratios of seedlings were not changed by bacterial inoculation. Inoculation treatments moderately elevated N concentrations in shoots and roots and P concentrations only in roots of seedlings. Our results suggest that PGPB might have a general promoting effect on the seedling growth of salt-tolerant trees. Nevertheless, the magnitude of promoting effects and the comparative advantage of dual inoculation over single inoculation are species-specific. The generality and specificity of the plant-PGPB relationship are similar to the plantmycorrhizal symbiosis. In addition, tissue nutrient improvement might not be the main mechanism of the promoting effects by PGPB.     

复合改性海泡石同步处理废水中的氮磷

采用盐热和稀土掺杂制备复合改性海泡石,研究了复合改性海泡石对废水中N、P的吸附特征和去除效果。结果表明,与海泡石原矿粉比较,复合改性海泡石的脱氮除磷能力分别提高49.71%和90.14%;复合改性海泡石对N、P的吸附可以用Langmuir吸附模型描述,获得的最大吸附量分别为1.165和1.121 mg/g;修正的Elovich模型能较好地描述复合改性海泡石吸附N、P的动力学过程;用NaOH溶液可以再生吸附材料,获得较好的脱氮除磷效果,再生次数以2次为宜;用复合改性海泡石处理污水处理站的二级生化出水,最终出水的pH、N和P含量均达到《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》的要求。     

改良型湿法制备活性白土清洁生产及末端治理实验研究

传统湿法制备活性白土工艺中存在水耗、酸耗大等清洁水平较低的问题,本研究提出了在生产工艺流程中循环使用硫酸酸性废液、并从循环3次的硫酸废液中回收铝盐制备无铁硫酸铝的一种改良型湿法制备活性白土工艺,对末端治理采用电石渣替代石灰作为中和剂进行了探索性实验研究。实验结果表明,改良型湿法制备活性白土工艺对活性白土产品的理化性质无明显影响,产品质量符合行业标准,且酸的利用率从20%提高到约90%,水耗减少量为原工艺的1/3,无铁硫酸铝主要参数符合相关产品技术标准(HG/T2225-2001)。用电石渣作为中和剂处理酸性废液能够实现出水水质稳定达标,处理成本从255万元降低至210万元。本研究的实施使得活性白土的生产工艺清洁生产水平有较大提高。     

洚解菌Pigmentiphagasp．strainD-2对啶虫脒污染土壤的生物修复作用

啶虫脒属于一种新型的氯化烟碱类杀虫剂,被认为是替代有机磷农药的重要品种之一,在世界范围内已经得到了广泛的应用,其在环境中的残留备受关注,利用微生物修复异源污染物是一种有效的措施。在实验室条件下,研究了高效降解菌D-2（噬染料菌属,Pigmentiphagasp．）对被啶虫脒污染土壤的修复作用及其影响因素。结果表明,降解菌株在未灭菌土壤中的降解效果要略好于灭菌土壤,在土壤外源添加降解菌2×10^8cfu／g,温度20～40℃,弱碱性（pH7．5）的条件下,该菌株能有效降解土壤中1～200mg／kg的啶虫脒。啶虫脒施用对土壤种群结构有一定的影响,可以刺激细菌和真菌的生长,从而使土壤微生物群落结构发生改变,而降解菌的施用可缓解啶虫脒对土壤微生物的影响,修复受污染土壤。因此,人工接种降解菌D-2可提高土壤中啶虫脒的降解率,有效降低其在土壤中的残留。     

金沙江下游鱼类栖息地评估和保护优先级研究

为了给受金沙江下游水电开发影响的鱼类筛选合适的支流进行栖息地保护,对金沙江下游12条支流进行了鱼类栖息地评估和保护优先级的研究。通过河段分类-河段样方调查-河流整体评估的路线评估了支流栖息地质量;通过2次流动调查,结合历史资料获取了各支流的特有鱼类种数;最后,结合栖息地评估结果、各支流的特有鱼类种数、年径流量和水电开发强度,运用分层排序法,得出了各支流的保护优先级,由高到低依次为：牛栏江>西溪河>黑水河>普渡河>龙川江>鲹鱼河>西宁河>美姑河>以礼河>普隆河>勐果河>小江。建议将乌东德库区的龙川江和鲹鱼河、白鹤滩库区的黑水河和普渡河、溪洛渡库区的牛栏江和西溪河,以及向家坝库区的西宁河作为金沙江下游鱼类优先保护支流     

Short-term impact of reservoir impoundment on the patterns of mercury distribution in a subtropical aquatic ecosystem, Wujiang River, southwest China

Surveys on pre- and post-impoundment total mercury concentrations in water, seston and fish were conducted during 2007–2008 in the Wujiang River, southwest China. Compared with the pre-impoundment, total mercury in the reservoir and downstream water rapidly increased by 164–303 % during the first half year of flooding, and then decreased by 61.7–62.2 % after 9 months of flooding. However, total mercury in seston from the reservoir and downstream generally declined. There was no significant difference in the total mercury between reservoir fish with different habitat preference and feeding habit. We find that fish tissue mercury concentration significantly increased threefold after flooding, and the increasing rate is lower than those in subarctic and temperate reservoirs. The pre- and post-impoundment fish samples exceeding the Chinese hygienic standard for tolerances of mercury in foods increased from 1.3 to 17.4 %. Long-term monitoring of fish mercury level in Wujiang River should be undertaken to ensure local food security.     

Raman and SERS spectra of thiamethoxam and the Ag3–thiamethoxam complex: an experimental and theoretical investigation

Dutch water boards have a well-established program for monitoring pesticide contamination of surface waters. These monitoring data have been processed into a graphic format accessible online and designed to provide insight into pesticide presence in Dutch surface waters and trends over time: the Pesticides Atlas (http://www.pesticidesatlas.nl). With this tool one can easily get maps of where a pesticide is being measured and where it might possibly constitute an environmental problem over the years. Presently, results of the periods 1997/1998 until 2005/2006 are available at the level of individual active ingredients. At a national level, the percentage of pesticides concentrations that exceed the maximum tolerable risk has declined 30% to 38% over the years 2003/2004 compared with 1997/1998. This means that surface water quality in the Netherlands has improved with respect to pesticides, however there are still many locations at which the measured concentrations exceed the environmental quality standards. The results on linking land use to pesticides concentrations were shown to assist in optimization of monitoring programs. By developing the present Internet tool, many new opportunities for environmental risk assessment and risk management were identified, e.g. optimization of monitoring strategies and communication to policymakers.