应用配电系统接地安全规范一例

介绍了在一特殊情况下,如何灵活地应用交流10kV及以下配电系统的接地安全规范。     

Adaptation of microbial communities to multiple stressors associated with litter decomposition of Pterocarya stenoptera

To understand the further impacts of multiple stressors in freshwater, we investigated the effects of heavy metal(HM, Cu and Zn) and nutrient enrichments(nitrogen and phosphorus, NP) on microbial decomposition of Pterocarya stenoptera litter and the associated extracellular enzyme activities and microbial biomass with microcosms. Results showed that the decomposition rates were slower in the polluted stream waters than those in the unpolluted ones, which corresponded to lower microbial biomass and integrated enzyme activities of cellulose and β-glucosidase. The decomposition rates were accelerated at low HM level, which was associated with the stimulated enzyme activities of hydrolytic enzymes or was stimulated by both NP levels in polluted stream waters. In particular, the hydrolase enzyme activities of microbial communities in polluted stream waters were stimulated by low HM level, suggesting that low HM level-stimulated litter decomposition may be due to the increased enzymatic activities. When microbial communities were exposed to HM and NP simultaneously, the inhibitory effect(in unpolluted stream waters) or the stimulated effect(in polluted stream waters) of low HM concentration was enhanced and attenuated, respectively, which suggests that the NP antagonistic effect against HM toxicity on litter decomposition may contribute to the litterassociated extracellular enzyme activities. These results suggest that the co-occurrence of HM and NP may have antagonistic effects on stream ecosystem functioning.     

推行清洁生产，促进节能减排实证研究——以重庆市某企业清洁生产方案实施为例

经济的高建发展带来巨大的环境压力,推行清洁生产,促进节能减排成为必然的发展趋势。本文阐释了清洁生产与节能减排的内涵及两者的相互关系,总结了国内外节能减排的一系列举措及其新进展。以重庆市某企业清洁生产审棱为例,从技术、环境和经济三个层面分析重庆市某企业清洁生产审棱中提出的清洁生产方案实施效果,实证推行清洁生产对节能减排的促进作用,提出通过完善政策法规体系、提高企业领导对清洁生产的重视程度、促进技术创新、转变领导片面追求GDP增长的认识等措施来达到推行清洁生产、促进节能减排的目标。     

五种常见装饰植物对甲醛的吸收能力比较研究

城市住宅的室内空气污染十分严重,甲醛已经成为中国目前室内空气中的首要污染物。选用橡皮树、虎皮兰、芦荟、吊兰和黄金葛,在密封箱内进行降醛能力的研究。通过测定密封箱内放入植物后甲醛浓度的变化情况,比较所选植物对甲醛的吸收能力。试验结果表明：橡皮树、虎皮兰、吊兰、黄金葛和芦荟均对室内甲醛有很好的净化作用,其净化能力大小依次为：虎皮兰〉黄金葛〉吊兰〉橡皮树〉芦荟。     

数字水准仪DiNi11/12原理及应用中应注意的问题

本文介绍了数字水准仪的原理、特点,着重分析了对台站跨断层观测精度影响较大的几个因素,并结合台站工作实际提出了减弱这些影响的措施,实测结果表明:采取这些措施可以有效地提高测量精度.     

采用新工艺处理延迟焦化冷焦水恶臭污染

延迟焦化装置冷焦水处理系统原采用半敞开式循环冷却工艺,焦炭塔顶高温溢流水进入冷焦热水罐及在凉水塔的冷却过程中,污水中含硫化氢的混合性气体加上罐内存有的有害气体逸放进入大气中,散发出强烈恶臭,严重污染周围环境.冷焦水密闭系统通过对冷焦水密闭控制,在冷焦热水罐顶增设胺液脱臭工艺,彻底解决了原来冷焦水恶臭污染环境这一难题.     

鄱阳湖流域农业生态环境变迁及其启示

鄱阳湖流域农业生态环境变迁史可以概括为:远古至秦汉时期,是生态环境由荒凉向开化发展的阶段;隋唐五代时期,是生态环境平衡发展阶段;宋元时期,是生态环境开始失衡阶段;明清时期,是生态环境逐渐破坏恶化的阶段;近代以来,生态环境呈现进一步恶化的趋势;建国以来生态环境经历了一个恶化——治理——改善的过程。在此,我们可以得出历史的经验教训:农业开发必须适应复杂的自然生态环境条件,只有全面地把握自然生态环境的总体,才能使自然资源和自然条件充分地持续地发挥作用,经济社会才能保持可持续发展。相反,如果不顾自然生态环境的复杂性,掠夺性开发资源,就必然会受到自然界的惩罚。     

城市自来水管网中挥发性有机物的空间分布特征

分析了中国2座沿海城市(S市和L市)自来水管网中挥发性有机物(VOCs)的赋存状态,对检出的VOCs进行了健康风险评价,并探讨了检出VOCs在城市自来水管网中的分布规律.在本文选取的47种VOCs目标化合物中,所研究的2座城市自来水管网中共检出16种VOCs,在2市共同检出的VOCs为11种,以卤代烃类化合物为主,其中又以三卤甲烷类VOCs(一溴二氯甲烷、二溴一氯甲烷和三溴甲烷)的检出率最高(92%~100%).在浓度水平上,除一溴二氯甲烷和二溴一氯甲烷外,其他检出VOCs在2市自来水管网中的最大浓度均未超过我国《生活饮用水卫生标准(GB 5749-2006)》中相关化合物的限值.一溴二氯甲烷和二溴一氯甲烷在2座城市自来水管网中不仅浓度水平超标(限值分别为60μg·L-1和100μg·L-1),而且其致癌风险值(LCR)也处于不可接受的水平(10-4),二者应当被给予足够的重视或被列为2市自来水管网中优先控制的污染物.此外,本研究还选择了8种检出率大于90%的VOCs,探讨了它们在S市自来水管网中的空间分布规律,结果表明,所研究的VOCs(除甲苯外)在该市自来水管网中的浓度都随管网输送距离的增加而逐渐降低.     

Floc structure and membrane fouling affected by sodium alginate interaction with Al species as model organic pollutants

Membrane filtration combined with pre-coagulation has advantages in advanced wastewater treatment. As a model of a microbial polysaccharide, research on the effect of sodium alginate(SA) on alum hydrolysis has been rare; therefore, it is necessary to gain insight into the interface interaction between SA molecules and Al species, and the role SA plays during floc formation. In this study, the interaction mechanism between SA and Al species has been investigated, by evaluating the effect of SA on floc characteristics and membrane fouling during coagulation–ultrafiltration with different Al species coagulants(AlCl3 and preformed Al13). Al 2 p X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS) confirmed that the complexation of ligands and Al species strongly affects the reaction pathways for Al hydrolysis and the final nature of the flocs, as Al13 can be decomposed into octahedral precipitates when SA is added. The presence of SA can affect floc properties, which have important impacts on the characteristics of the cake layer and membrane fouling. Due to the bridging ability of SA, the floc strength increased by about 50% using Ala, which was much better than preformed Al13, with a percentage increase of only about 6%. Moreover,the recovery factor of HA-flocs was decreased from 96% to 43% with SA addition of 0.5 mg/L.It was concluded that SA can affect the characteristics of the cake layer and membrane fouling through participating in the formation of primary flocs and altering the Al hydrolysis pathway.     

不同再生水消毒方式对斑马鱼胚胎毒性的影响及其危害分级

以斑马鱼胚胎毒性测试研究海南某污水处理厂出水经氯胺、二氧化氯、次氯酸钠、臭氧和紫外几种消毒处理后对斑马鱼胚胎的毒性。利用胚胎毒性和层次分析法构建危害分级方法及其指标体系,评价消毒危害。研究结果表明:消毒处理前的二沉池出水未产生胚胎发育毒性效应,但经次氯酸钠、氯胺、臭氧、二氧化氯对再生水消毒处理可使斑马鱼胚胎出现卵黄囊异常、心跳减缓、色素沉积减少、孵出延缓和卷尾等毒理反应;不同消毒方式处理的再生水可致斑马鱼胚胎死亡率增加,胚胎毒性依次为:二氧化氯紫外紫外+次氯酸钠=二沉池出水(不消毒)氯胺=紫外+氯胺臭氧次氯酸钠;不同消毒方式的危害分级为:二氧化氯和紫外消毒构成轻微危害,危害等级为I级,紫外+次氯酸钠、紫外+氯胺、氯胺消毒构成中度危害,危害等级为II级,次氯酸钠危害较强,其危害等级为III级;化学消毒剂与紫外线组合消毒可降低再生水消毒的危害。