国内外城市可持续发展指标体系比较

文章以英国2009年发表的可持续发展指标体系和美国可持续社区指标指南为例,比较了国内外城市可持续发展评估指标体系,列举了各指标体系的大类和分项,从指标体系的选择和评价方法的确定等方面综述了国内可持续发展指标体系,以期为制定和完善中国的城市可持续发展指标体系提供参考。     

致癌物苯并(a)芘[Benzo(a)Pyrene]对土壤--植物系统污染研究

本报告是1973—1979年研究工作的简要总结.采用野外调查、盆钵试验、放射性示踪同位素、荧光分光光度计、人工模拟控制大气污染实验与电镜扫描照相等方法,研究了在石油污水灌溉条件下,环境中致癌物苯并(a)芘(B(a)P)对水稻可食部分的影响.其结果是:①土壤表层(0—15cm)B(a)P含量在<10—500ppb范围内,污水与清水灌区栽培水稻精白米中B(a)P的含量无显著差异;②水稻各部分的B(a)P来自大气污染、水——土壤污染以及水稻本身生物合成.B(a)P在水稻体内的分配次序为:根系≥茎叶>皮壳≥籽实,水稻精白米中B(a)P含量约0.18ppb;③在自然条件下,水稻的外来B(a)P污染源主要是大气飘尘,而水——土壤是次要的.     

含能材料CL-20的热安全性测试分析

CL-20是一种高能量、高性能的炸药。为了研究CL-20的热分解性能,分别采用DSC-TG、DSC-TG-QMS联用系统和高压型差示扫描量热仪(DSC 204 HP)对CL-20的热安全性进行了测试分析,并计算了CL-20的热力学参数和动力学参数。结果表明,CL-20固体炸药在不同升温速率下的TG曲线基本相似,都只有一个台阶。在升温速率为10 K/min时,CL-20在放热峰温处的活化焓、活化熵和活化自由能分别是177.26 k J/mol、52.61 J/(K·mol)和149.7 kJ/mol。CL-20热分解后的气体产物主要有NO、CO、CO_2和H_2O,离子流强度约为10-9A,其中H_2O的离子流强度最大。不同压力时CL-20热分解的过程不同,在压力高的情况下CL-20分解放热更多,反应过程越剧烈,热安全性越差。与常压下相比DSC放热峰值温度降低。     

土壤溶液中镉的化学形态及化学平衡研究

据土壤溶液的实际情况建立简便的平衡模式,研究了红壤、黄棕壤、黄潮土三种典型土壤溶液中Cd的化学形态和化学平衡.结果表明,溶液中Cd的主要形态为Cd~(2+)、CdCl~+和CdSO_4~6.黄潮土还有一定量的CdHCO_3~+,其它形态Cd很少,其中游离Cd~(2+)占绝大部分.红壤最高,黄棕壤次之.红壤施石灰后游离Cd~(2+)下降,CdSO_4~6增加;添加氯化物后,溶液pH下降,大量Cd进入溶液中,CdCl~+比例明显升高.溶液中Cd的形态分布与土壤Cd的生物有效性有一定关系.此外,溶解度图证明,供试土壤中不可能有Cd的矿物生成.Cd在固液相间的平衡受吸附解吸反应控制.     

巢湖蓝藻的机械清除工艺以及藻水分离实验研究简

对巢湖蓝藻进行机械清除以及藻水分离实验研究,实验采用的浮式围栏引导-机械清除-投加剥离液辅助机械清除工艺处理量大,除藻效率高,筛网过滤-浓缩-卧螺离心机脱水成藻泥的藻水分离工艺较为理想,藻泥含水率仅为89%。2011年5—10月在巢湖运用上述方法清除湖面水华蓝藻,共处理富藻水1.6万m³,得到藻泥970 t,累计清除蓝藻106.7 t（干重）。按照所清除蓝藻的总氮、总磷的平均含量计算,相当于从湖中移除了氮6.25 t,磷2.1 t。表明在富营养湖泊中水华蓝藻大量暴发时,采用上述方法除藻,对控制蓝藻水华污染,有效降低内源氮、磷等污染物负荷具有十分重要的作用。     

Uptake of PAHs by cabbage root and leaf in vegetable plots near a large coking manufacturer and associations with PAHs in cabbage core

Samples of ambient air (including gaseous and particulate phases), dust fall, surface soil, rhizosphere soil, core (edible part), outer leaf, and root of cabbage from eight vegetable plots near a large coking manufacturer were collected during the harvest period. Concentrations, compositions, and distributions of parent PAHs in different samples were determined. Our results indicated that most of the parent PAHs in air occurred in the gaseous phase, dominated by low molecular weight (LMW) species with two to three rings. Specific isomeric ratios and principal component analysis were employed to preliminarily identify the local sources of parent PAHs emitted. The main emission sources of parent PAHs could be apportioned as a mixture of coal combustion, coking production, and traffic tailing gas. PAH components with two to four rings were prevailing in dust fall, surface soil, and rhizosphere soil. Concentrations of PAHs in surface soil exhibited a significant positive correlation with topsoil TOC fractions. Compositional profiles in outer leaf and core of cabbage, dominated by LMW species, were similar to those in the local air. Overall, the order of parent PAH concentration in cabbage was outer leaf > root > core. Partial correlation analysis and multivariate linear stepwise regression revealed that PAH concentrations in cabbage core were closely associated with PAHs present both in root and in outer leaf, namely, affected by adsorption, then absorption, and translocation of PAHs from rhizosphere soil and ambient air, respectively.     

H型超薄板防渗技术在卫生填埋场中的应用

上海某生活垃圾卫生填埋场运营过程中发生堤坝渗漏,对周围环境造成了污染。经比选采用H型超薄板防渗技术处理,防渗薄板墙深18m,墙厚100mm。竣工后经CSAMT法、现场开挖取样等方式检测,超薄板墙各项指标均满足要求。有效治理了渗滤液渗漏,提升了区域环境质量。     

汶川地震极震区泥石流动力特征及参数研究——以安县高川乡为例

2008年汶川8.0级地震发生以来,极震区泥石流爆发频率有增无减且规模越来越大,破坏性越来越强,严重威胁灾区人民生命财产安全。对比采取现场勘查、遥感图像分析、历史资料对比分析等方法,分析了极震区泥石流动力特征受地形、地层、物源等因素的影响,特别是泥石流爆发过程中深侵蚀和溃决对泥石流动力特征的影响。针对四川安县高川乡流域泥石流沟的调查和分析,建立泥石流流量-冲刷模型,分析了常规地区泥石流峰值流量与极震区泥石流峰值流量差别,推导出极震区峰值流量及冲刷深度定量计算公式。通过实例分析,理论与实际具有较好的一致性,对极震区泥石流动力参数计算具有较好适用性和有效性。     

中国工业污染防治的战略决策——清洁生产

本文简述了清洁生产的概念与国外清洁生产的概况，评述了国内工业生产的现状及推行清洁生产的潜力和前景，并提出了一些有益建议。     

Modeling solute transport in one-dimensional homogeneous and heterogeneous soil columns with continuous time random walk

In this paper, we used the continuous time random walk (CTRW) framework to characterize the transport process in 1250-cm long one-dimensional homogenous and heterogeneous soil columns at the experiments conducted by Huang et al. [Huang, K., Toride, N., van Genuchten, M.Th., 1995. Experimental investigation of solute transport in large, homogeneous and heterogeneous, saturated soil columns. Trans. Porous Media. 18, 283-302]. The transport process was also simulated by using the advection-dispersion equation (ADE) and the spatial fractional advection-dispersion equation (FADE) for comparison. In the homogeneous soil column, the non-Fickian behavior is found at the distances less than 1000cm with beta values larger than 1.60, but less than 2, and Fickian form transport is obtained at distances larger than 1000cm with beta values larger than 2. In the heterogeneous soil column, we found the most anomalous behavior at distances from 200cm to 700cm with beta values ranging from 0.894 to 0.958, and non-Fickian transport process is observed at distances larger than 800cm with beta values in the range between 1 and 1.3. More significant non-Fickian behavior is found for transport in the heterogeneous soil column than that in the homogeneous soil column. The CTRW fits to the breakthrough curves (BTCs) have lower values of root mean square error (RMSE) and higher values of determination coefficient (r(2)), with respect to the fits of ADE and FADE. The CTRW model also is better captures the full evolution of BTCs, and especially their tails.