焦化行业环境风险案例分析研究

焦化项目生产过程中涉及众多危险物质,存在着诸多环境风险隐患。本文主要从焦化行业特征污染物出发,以外排大气颗粒物及BaP这两种典型的行业特征污染物为例,研究山西某焦化技改项目生产事故中特征污染物的排放给区域带来的环境风险,并提出相关建议。     

丹江口水库水位抬高面临的挑战及其对策

移民与生态环境问题是丹江口水库水位抬高所面临的主要问题。移民问题是水位抬高首当其冲需要解决的难题,存在政策法规、移民资金、安置措施、脱贫致富等问题,需要以市场为导向,综合考虑诸多因素,制定可行的移民规划,确保移民的稳定和发展。生态环境问题是非常艰巨的问题,水土流失严重、污染源与污染总量日益增加、水质下降、支流库湾富营养化进程加剧等问题将困扰水库的运行与管理,后靠移民的生产生活也在一定程度上对生态环境产生影响;建议成立专门的监管机构,全方位开展水源地保护工作,确保水库水质安全和南水北调中线工程战略目标的实现。     

大学校园土壤中重金属污染研究

为研究大学校园土壤中重金属污染的状况,在西部某高校校园中选取10个采样点,分别采集了表层和下层土样,分析测定了土样中Cu,Zn,Pb,Cr四种重金属的含量。实验采用了微波消解、火焰原子吸收分光光度法对土样进行测定。结果表明待测校园土壤中重金属含量目前处于安全的范围,但大学,尤其是高等科研院校,应妥善处理科研试验过程中产生的污染物,为大学学生提供一个安全的大学校园环境。     

乳状液膜分离法预处理垃圾渗滤液氨氮的试验研究

用span-80表面活性剂制作的乳状液处理垃圾渗滤液中氨氮,考察了表面活性剂span-80用量、膜内相硫酸浓度、膜增强剂用量、油内比、乳水比、外相水pH值因素对氨氮去除率的影响。结果表明,在最佳反应条件下,用乳状液膜分离法预处理垃圾渗滤液中的氨氮,分离速度快,处理效果达到87%以上。     

Degradation of chlorpyrifos in laboratory soil and its impact on soil microbial functional diversity

Degradation of chlorpyrifos at different concentrations in soil and its impact on soil microbial functional diversity were investigated under laboratory conditions. The degradation half-lives of chlorpyrifos at levels of 4, 8, and 12 mg/kg in soil were calculated to be 14.3, 16.7, and 18.0 d, respectively. The Biolog study showed that average well color development (AWCD) in soils was significantly (P < 0.05) inhibited by chlorpyrifos within the first two weeks and thereafter recovered to the similar level as the control. A similar variation in the diversity indices (Simpson index 1/D and McIntosh index U) in chlorpyrifos-treated soils was observed, no significant difference in the Shannon-Wiener index H' was found in these soils. With increasing chlorpyrifos concentration, the half-lives of chlorpyrifos were significantly (P ≤ 0.05) extended and its inhibitory effects on soil microorganisms were aggravated. It is concluded that chlorpyrifos residues in soil had a temporary or short-term inhibitory effect on soil microbial functional diversity.     

Determination of N-nitrosodimethylamine in drinking water by UPLC-MS/MS

The method for detecting N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) in drinking water using ultra performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) was improved by optimizing the clean-up procedure to remove the matrix interference in pretreatment process, and was then applied to a survey of NDMA in both raw and finished water samples from five water treatment plants in South China. The NDMA concentrations ranged from 4.7 to 15.1 ng/L in raw water samples, and from 4.68 to 46.9 ng/L in finished water. The NDMA concentration in raw water was found to be related with nitrite concentration, and during the treatment, the NDMA concentration increased following ozonation but decreased after subsequent activated carbon treatment.     

Shrinkage and fragmentation of grasslands in the West Songnen Plain,China

In the past century, especially the past five decades, the grasslands of the West Songnen Plain, Northeast China, were rapidly converted into croplands and salinized wasteland, and experienced a fragmentation process that is still ongoing. Almost no information is available on the spatial-temporal changes of grasslands in this area. In this study, grassland cover change, agricultural reclamation and salinized wasteland expansion were investigated during the past five decades. Grassland fragmentation was studied based on four landscape metrics. The grassland cover change was detected from a time series of topographic maps from 1954, satellite images of Landsat TM in 1986, 1995, and 2000 using remote sensing and geographic information systems (GIS). In addition, the land use changes were analyzed using a transition matrix of land use types, while the driving forces were explored according to climatic changes and socioeconomic developments. The results indicated a significant decrease in grassland area. Of the 1 418 945 ha of native grassland in 1954, approximately 64% was removed by 2000, while the number of patches (NP) increased from 865 to 2035 and the mean patch size (MPS) decreased from 1640 ha to 252 ha. During the whole study period, the average annual decrease rate of grassland was 34 894 ha/year. Cropland and salinized wasteland were the two main land use types into which grassland converted. During the past decades, obvious climatic changes occurred, which supplied a favorable potential environment for agricultural development but damaged grassland productivity. On the other hand, population, GDP and livestock number increased significantly as grassland quality decreased. According to the results, the shrinkage and fragmentation of grasslands may well be explained by socioeconomic development and aided by changing climatic conditions.     

质粒pJP4水平转移介导生物膜系统强化降解2,4-D效应

以携带质粒pJP4[其上含编码2,4-二氯苯氧基乙酸(2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid,2,4-D)降解功能的基因簇(tfd)]的基因工程菌Pseudomonas putida SM1443::gfp2x(pJP4::dsRed)为供体菌,以生物膜系统为对象,通过半连续流实验研究了质粒pJP4水平转移介导基因强化降解2,4-D效应,考察了目标基因在系统中存在状况及基因强化对系统菌群结构的影响.结果表明,以2,4-D(初始浓度为170 mg/L±10 mg/L)为唯一碳源,向生物膜系统加入携pJP4质粒的基因工程菌对2,4-D的降解具有促进作用,运行初期,促进作用较弱,随着半连续流反应的进行,促进作用显著增强,基因强化系统较对照系统对2,4-D的平均降解速率之差达13.3 mg/(L.h).通过对基因强化系统功能基因片段tfdB基因及报告基因gfp的跟踪检测,证实了在pJP4质粒介导下生物膜系统基因水平转移的发生.PCR-DGGE结果表明基因强化的生物膜系统较对照系统在受到2,4-D冲击条件下保持了相对更加稳定的菌群结构.     

臭氧及催化臭氧化降解2,4-滴丙酸动力学研究

对臭氧及催化臭氧氧化降解2,4-滴丙酸(DCPP)的效率进行了研究,并利用竞争动力学法算得了DCPP与臭氧及羟基自由基的反应速率常数,参比有机物为硝基苯(NB).结果表明,DCPP与臭氧的反应速率常数K-DCPP为(0.733±0.163)L·mol-1·s-1,与羟基自由基的kOH-DCPP为2.367×109L·mol-1·s-1.在单独臭氧和Mn(Ⅱ)催化臭氧化降解DCPP过程中,基于上述结果计算所得的速率常数与实际所测的表观反应速率常数具有较好的吻合度.以上结果对臭氧化处理含DCPP废水具有很好的理论指导意义.     

GIS技术在化学事故应急指挥系统中的应用研究

以地理信息系统（简称GIS）的技术特点为基础,结合应急指挥系统中的功能需求,探讨化学事故应急指挥系统GIS平台能够实现的功能,以及为实现这些功能而构建的数据库的建设。将GIS技术应用在化学事故应急指挥系统中,能够迅速、直观地了解事故装置和设备情况,获得有关信息,进行事故模拟。对提高事故处理速度,缩短反应时间,减少事故损失具有重要意义。