AB工艺污水厂冬季运行效果分析

对乌鲁木齐市某AB工艺污水厂冬季实际运行效果进行监测分析。结果表明：冬季水温降低不影响AB工艺对BOD₅的去除效果,BOD5的去除率平均达到88.8%,但COD和SS的去除效果下降;在A段氨氮去除率为35%,经过B段后,氨氮含量反又上升,去除率下降为7.8%左右;降低了A段除磷效果,去除率仅29%,B段则表现出稳定的除磷效果,出水总磷稳定在1.0 mg/L以下,AB工艺总磷去除率达到80%。     

陕西省雷电灾害易损性分析、评估及易损度区划

根据2002～2007年陕西省10个市的雷暴日和雷电灾害统计资料,结合陕西各市的经济和人口密度特征,提出了雷暴日数、雷电灾害频度、生命易损模数及经济易损模数作为各市雷电灾害易损性评估指标,并在此基础上,给出了陕西各市雷电灾害易损度评估结构.采用四级分区法对上述雷电灾害易损性评估指标进行了分级,并赋予各等级如下定值:极高级为1.0、高级为0.8、中级为0.5、低级为0.2.将陕西省10市按照四个雷电灾害易损性评估指标的所属等级获取相应等级值,将各市四个评估指标的等级值累加得到平均值作为雷电灾害易损性评估的评价指数,并利用上述四级分区法形成陕西省雷电灾害易损度区划.     

Influence of metal ion on sorption of p-nitrophenol onto sediment in the presence of cetylpyridinium chloride

Heavy metals and surfactants have a significant effect on the sorption of organic contaminants. In this study, batch equilibrium experiments were carried out to investigate the influence of Pb(NO(3))(2) on the sorption of p-nitrophenol (PNP) onto sediments in the presence of cationic surfactant cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC). Results indicated that in the complex system containing PNP, Pb(NO(3))(2) and CPC, the sorption of PNP decreased with increasing concentration of Pb(NO(3))(2) due primarily to competing for adsorption sites. Likewise, partitioning of PNP in adsorbed surfactant layers and micelles decreased with increasing level of Pb(NO(3))(2). Moreover, the influence of different metal ions (Pb(2+), Cd(2+), Zn(2+)) was examined and results indicated that the presence of heavy metals inhibited the sorption of PNP in the order: Pb(2+)>Cd(2+)>Zn(2+). The competitive effect of the heavy metals was in agreement with the hydration energy and hydrated radius. The results are believed to provide a useful insight into describing the transport and fate of PNP in natural environments.     

Bioavailability to grains of rice of aged and fresh DDD and DDE in soils

DDT had been widely used around the world before 1980s and is still under production and use for non-agricultural purposes in China. Because of their special physicochemical properties, p,p'-DDT and its main metabolites, p,p'-DDD and p,p'-DDE, accumulated and persisted in the environment, presenting potential menace on biota. A green-house study was conducted to determine the bioavailability of p,p'-DDD and p,p'-DDE to grains of rice and the influences of traditional Chinese farming practices on their bioaccumulation. Paddy rice and dry rice were grown in submerged paddy soils and non-submerged upland soils, respectively. Two types of soil, Hydragric Anthrosols (An) and Hydragric Acrisols (Ac), were employed. Bioaccumulation factors (BAFs) of DDE ranged from 0.67 for rice grown in non-submerged An to 0.84 in submerged An in the control group, whilst BAFs were all below 0.04 in experimental groups. BAFs of DDD varied from 1.39 for submerged An to 2.26 for submerged Ac in original soils. In contrast, BAFs were between 0.05 for non-submerged Ac and 0.08 for submerged An in DDD-contaminated soils. Flooding seemed to have two contradictory effects on the DDE/DDD accumulation by rice: on one hand, it made the pollutants more mobile and bioavailable; while on the other hand, it enhanced the degradation and binding of POPs. Adding rice straw to the soils protected DDE from being taken up yet promoted DDD accumulation by rice. Furthermore, the distinct inorganic component of the soils might also play an important role in the environmental activities of POPs.     

Characteristics of real-world vehicular emissions in Chinese cities

On-board emission measurements were performed on 49 light-duty gasoline vehicles in seven cities of China. Vehicle-specific power mode distribution and emission characteristics were analyzed based on the data collected. The results of our study show that there were significant differences in different types of roads. The emission factors and fuel consumption rates on arterial roads and residential roads were approximately 1.4-2 times those on freeways. The carbon monoxide, hydrocarbon, and nitrogen oxides emission factors of Euro II vehicles were on average 86.2, 88.2, and 64.5% lower than those of carburetor vehicles, respectively. The new vehicle emission standards implemented in China had played an important role in reducing individual vehicle emissions. More comprehensive measures need to be considered to reduce the total amount of emissions from vehicles.     

竹笋壳为生物膜载体的废水处理技术研究

采用室内实验装置,研究了以农业废弃物竹笋壳为反硝化碳源和生物膜载体的生物反应器对于污水中硝酸盐的去除效果,并另设以聚丙烯惰性填料球为生物膜载体的生物反应器作为对照实验。实验结果表明,以天然竹笋壳作为反硝化碳源和生物膜载体的反应器启动时间短,对污水中硝酸盐氮的去除效果较好;装置对进水DO和pH值变化有一定抗性,DO在2.0~4.0mg/L,pH值在6.8~7.2之间变化时,反应器硝酸盐的去除率变化很小,缓冲能力较强;反应器稳定性强,出水硝酸盐的去除率在80%以上。     

The fractionation and geochemical characteristics of rare earth elements measured in ambient size-resolved PM in an integrated iron and steelmaking industry zone

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Improved understanding of the fractionation and geochemical characteristic of rare earth elements (REEs) from steel plant emissions is important due...     

三峡库区重庆段土壤保持服务时空分布格局研究

土壤保持是生态系统服务与功能的重要组成,在防止土壤侵蚀、减少径流泥沙与农业面源污染等方面具有至关重要的作用。以对国家生态安全具有重要作用的土壤保持生态功能区——三峡库区重庆段为研究区域,研究得到了2000~2013年时间序列区域土壤保持服务"流量"结果,结果表明:(1)三峡库区重庆段多年平均土壤保持量为604.39 t/hm~2·a,沿长江干流自西向东逐渐增强,区域差异显著;(2)三峡库区的土壤保持服务存在明显的垂直分异特征,随着高程的增加,以300 m与900 m为节点,出现递减-递增-递减的分段规律,与人类活动存在明显的相关关系;(3)增加森林覆被面积是改善区域土壤保持、减少水土流失的重要举措。同时,在三峡库区开展坡改梯工程,减少坡耕地的数量能够有效控制区域水土流失;     

环境空气自动监测车仪器路况试验分析

利用环境空气自动监测车对辖区内空气自动站进行巡检及应急监测中,越来越显示其灵活、可移动的优势,但在长距离行驶后是否因路况影响仪器的正常运行,对监测车仪器能否达到监测质量控制对仪器性能指标的要求,成为最为关心的问题,作者在各级路况开展了系统试验。通过试验得出,路况对监测车仪器影响不大,性能指标可以满足要求。