Effects of alkaline and bioorganic amendments on cadmium,lead, zinc,and nutrient accumulation in brown rice and grain yield in acidic paddy fields contaminated with a mixture of heavy metals

Paddy soils and rice (Oryza sativa L.) contaminated by mixed heavy metals have given rise to great concern. Field experiments were conducted over two cultivation seasons to study the effects of steel slag (SS), fly ash (FA), limestone (LS), bioorganic fertilizer (BF), and the combination of SS and BF (SSBF) on rice grain yield, Cd, Pb, and Zn and nutrient accumulation in brown rice, bioavailability of Cd, Pb, and Zn in soil as well as soil properties (pH and catalase), at two acidic paddy fields contaminated with mixed heavy metals (Cd, Pb, and Zn). Compared to the controls, SS, LS, and SSBF at both low and high additions significantly elevated soil pH over both cultivation seasons. The high treatments of SS and SSBF markedly increased grain yields, the accumulation of P and Ca in brown rice and soil catalase activities in the first cultivation season. The most striking result was from SS application (4.0 t ha^?1) that consistently and significantly reduced the soil bioavailability of Cd, Pb, and Zn by 38.5–91.2 % and the concentrations of Cd and Pb in brown rice by 20.9–50.9 % in the two soils over both cultivation seasons. LS addition (4.0 t ha^?1) also markedly reduced the bioavailable Cd, Pb, and Zn in soil and the Cd concentrations in brown rice. BF remobilized soil Cd and Pb leading to more accumulation of these metals in brown rice. The results showed that steel slag was most effective in the remediation of acidic paddy soils contaminated with mixed heavy metals.     

重庆市农用地整治项目时空分异特征研究

以2002~2013年重庆市农用地整治项目数据为基础,采用数理统计法和重心模型法,对12 a间重庆市农用地整治项目的时空分异特征进行研究。得出以下结论:1重庆市农用地整治项目主要分布在城市发展新区和渝东北生态涵养发展区。项目平均规模受地形影响较大,项目平均投资额与项目区区位条件、地形条件、现代农业发展方向、生态文明建设等因素有关。2项目数量、项目规模及项目投资额的重心移动均在经度和纬度方向呈现波动变化,但基本集中在全市的中部位置,全市农用地整治项目的空间分布具有一定的地域均衡性。项目重心整体呈向东北方向移动的趋势,重心移动的方向和距离受政策因素影响明显。3根据项目数量、项目规模和项目投资额的重心点及其移动轨迹可以将重庆市12 a间农用地整治项目分为起步阶段、发展阶段、完善阶段、成熟阶段四个阶段。最后对重庆市农用地整治政策制定和项目布局提出了相应的政策建议。     

反硝化脱硫菌的代谢特征及其环境应用研究进展

反硝化脱硫菌(NR-SOB)是一种具有同步硝酸盐还原和硫氧化能力的功能微生物。探讨了NR-SOB的代谢特征及其影响因素,并对它在废水处理,防腐,天然气、工业废气脱硫方面的应用进行了综述。最后,还指出了今后NR-SOB在环境应用方面的研究方向。     

改进碳纳米管/聚氨酯复合材料吸附硝基苯

以酸化碳纳米管(CNTs)强化聚氨酯泡沫(PUF),通过原位聚合法制备碳纳米管/聚氨酯复合材料(CPUF)。借助红外光谱(FT-IR)、扫描电镜(SEM)、热失重分析(TGA)和力学性能测试等方法研究和表征了CPUF复合材料的性能和结构。研究了用CPUF复合材料对人工模拟废水中硝基苯(NB)的吸附性能、影响因素及其再生后吸附效果。结果表明,CPUF复合材料对硝基苯具有较强的吸附能力,在p H=5.4、投加量为2 g/L、接触时间24 h的条件下,升高温度会降低CPUF复合材料的饱和吸附量,但会提高初始吸附速率,等温吸附过程符合Langmuir方程,属于单分子吸附。饱和后的复合材料可采用简单热再生,再生后对NB的吸附能力没有明显下降。     

共振能量转移同步荧光猝灭法测定水体中孔雀石绿

采用L-半胱氨酸、巯基乙酸为稳定剂水相合成Cd Te量子点,且以Cd Te量子点为能量供体、孔雀石绿为能量受体建立荧光共振能量转移体系,从而实现孔雀石绿含量的同步荧光猝灭法测定。结果表明,当固定波长差为220 nm时,Cd Te量子点的同步荧光最大发射波长位于323 nm。在最优实验条件下,体系的同步荧光淬灭强度与孔雀石绿的浓度在0.5~10.0μmol/L范围内呈良好的线性关系,相关系数为0.9995,方法的检出限为10 nmol/L。该方法用于实际水样中孔雀石绿含量的测定,加标回收率为94%~105%。     

吹扫捕集-快速气相色谱-质谱联用法测定水中54种挥发性有机物

采用吹扫捕集与快速气相色谱-飞行时间质谱联用法,通过质谱定性和各目标物的特征离子定量,建立了同时测定水中54种挥发性有机物(VOCs)的吹扫捕集-快速气相色谱-质谱的分析方法。结果表明,与常规方法相比,建立的吹扫捕集-快速气相色谱-质谱联用法在保证各目标物灵敏度和仅2组物质分辨率受影响的同时,分析时间由31 min缩短至13 min。该方法具有良好的重现性,除萘和1,2,3-三氯苯值为9.3%和8.7%外,其他目标物的重现性值皆小于5%,在线性范围1~200μg/L内皆具有大于0.99的良好相关度,各目标物的检出限值介于0.53~278 ng/L之间。     

选择性催化还原催化剂氧化脱除烟气中单质汞

以运用超声辅助浸渍法制备的V2O5-WO3/TiO2系列催化剂样品作为研究参考,在150 ～ 400℃,分别考察了某燃煤电厂新鲜的及已运行长达26 000 h的商用SCR脱硝催化剂对模拟烟气中单质汞(Hg0)的氧化性能,并利用SEM、BET、XRD等手段对样品的理化性质进行了表征.结果表明,电厂商用SCR催化剂对于燃煤烟气中的Hg0具有一定的催化氧化作用,但在250℃最佳反应温度时,最大汞氧化效率在50％以下,相同实验条件下,自制的1％V205-9％ WO3/TiO2(V1W9Ti)能够获得68.18％的最大汞氧化效率;通过考察NO、NH3、SO2和水蒸气对汞的氧化的影响发现,在低浓度NO以及5％02存在时,NO能够促进汞的氧化;SO2对汞的氧化有明显的抑制作用,而且其毒害作用具有一定的不可逆性;NH3在催化剂表面能够与Hg0发生竞争吸附,从而抑制了汞的氧化;水蒸气的存在容易导致催化剂的失活.此外,对催化剂氧化Hg0的机理进行了探讨.     

Solar-induced generation of singlet oxygen and hydroxyl radical in sewage wastewaters

Singlet oxygen (¹O₂) and hydroxyl radical (·OH) play an important role in the degradation of pollutants in surface waters. However, the mechanism underlying the photochemical generation of ¹O₂ and ·OH in wastewaters is poorly known. Here we studied the photo-induced generation of ¹O₂ and ·OH in different sewage treatment plant units. The correlation between the generation of ¹O₂ and ·OH and the water constituents was discussed. Our results show that in sewage units the ¹O₂ formation rate ranges from 2.19 × 10^?8 to 6.74 × 10^?8 mol L^?1 s^?1, and the ·OH formation rate ranges from 1.7 × 10^?11 to 3.06 × 10^?10 mol L^?1 s^?1. The average ¹O₂ formation rates in the various sewage units are similar to those in wetland and estuarine waters containing rich dissolved organic matter and 2–4 times higher than those in lake and seawater samples. The average ·OH formation rates of the sewage units are 5–50 times higher than for other water samples reported. The ·OH generation rate increased with the iron content with a correlation coefficient of 0.85, which indicates that the photo-Fenton reaction plays a dominant role in ·OH generation in sewage wastewater.     

氟化工“三废”的资源化利用

结合我国氟化工行业发展现状,分析了含氟"三废"产生情况及处置方法的最新研究进展,并通过实际工程案例进行论述。氟化工生产过程污染物主要有含氟废气及副产氯化氢、含氟高沸物及含氟污泥等。通过将氯化氢用于工业清洗及制备氯化钙、氯化铝等化学品能够合理消耗副产盐酸。焚烧处理含氟有机废气产生的氟化氢气体经水洗后副产氢氟酸。含氟高沸物通过精馏分离出高沸物组分生产高附加值产品。含氟污泥可制成建筑材料,最优工业化利用途径仍在积极研究中。