Effects of oxygen on the release and distribution of phosphorus in the sediments under the light condition

Effects of oxygen on the release and distribution of phosphorus (P) in the sediments in the presence of light were investigated, using sediment cores and overlying water from Lake Taihu, in China. The results show that P can be released from sediments to the overlying water in both anoxic and aerobic conditions. But more P was released in the anoxic condition. The transformation of P between various fractions in the sediments was observed during the release experiments. Concentrations of Ca-bound P and organic P in the sediments decreased in both conditions, but Fe/Al-bound P increased in the aerobic condition. The decrease of total P and P fractions in the sediments is consistent with the accumulative increase in quantity (AIQ) of total P (TP) in the overlying water, but is contrary with the AIQ of dissolved inorganic P. This is due to the uptake of algae by the dissolved inorganic P. Total nitrogen in the sediments in the anoxic condition was lower than that in the aerobic condition, and pH in the overlying water increased in the anoxic condition.     

Use of stationary and mobile measurements to study power plant emissions

This paper presents a technique to study air pollution by combining high spatial resolution data obtained by a mobile platform and those measured by conventional stationary stations. Conventional stations provide time-series point data but cannot yield information that is distant from the sites. This can be complemented or supplemented by mobile measurements in the vicinity of the conventional sites. Together, the combined dataset yields a clearer and more precise picture of the dispersion and the transformation of pollutants in the atmosphere in a fixed time frame. Several experiments were conducted in the years 2002-2003 to track the impact of power plant plumes on ground receptors in the immediate vicinity (within a radius of 30 km) of the plants, using a combined mobile and stationary dataset. The mobile data allowed the identification of emissions from coal-fired and gas-fired power plants. Coal-fired power plants were the major source of sulfur dioxide (SO2), whereas nitrogen oxides (NOx) emitted from the gas-fired power plant played an important role in the formation of ozone (O3) at ground level. The mobile data showed that two particle size distribution regimes were detected: one had a dominant accumulation mode at 0.40-0.65 microm and the other at 0.65-1 microm. The existence of particles characterized by their mode at 0.65-1 microm and formed by in-cloud processes suggests that vehicular emissions were not the important source. Other local sources, such as power plants (elevated emission), were the likely sources, because Hong Kong does not have much manufacturing industry.     

国家资源安全及其系统分析

资源安全是一个国家或地区可以持续、稳定、及时、足量和经济地获取所需自然资源的状态或能力。影响资源安全的因素主要包括结构、质量、数量、空间、价格、技术、制度等。分析了国家资源安全的主体目标导向性、实现过程可调控性、发展演化的长期性、空间层次差异性和系统内外互动性等特性。构建了包括社会、经济、资源、生态环境、政策法律等子系统在内的国家资源安全的系统分析框架。运用PSR模型，进行了国家资源安全系统动力学分析。     

实验室间呼吸性粉尘中石英含量测定方法的研究

实验室间呼吸性粉尘中石英含量测定方法的研究目的在于研究影响实验室间测定数据差异性的因素 ,探讨改善测试技术提高精度方法 ;其方法是制备 3种试验样品 ,进行实验室间共同测试 ;其测试结果 :7个实验室对 3种样品报告了 6 2个数据 ,2个实验室采用 XRD法、5个采用 IR法 ,3种样品的测试变异性分别为 30 .5 %、16 .1%、6 9% ;其中 XRD为 (2 5 .2～ 6 7) %、IR为 (13.9～5 7) %。本研究课题的最终结论 :实验室间测定数据具有可比性 ,达到国际 80年代水平 ;标准物质应统一 ,制样、测试等技术有待提高。     

Fate of PM2.5-bound PAHs in Xiangyang, central China during 2018 Chinese spring festival: Influence of fireworks burning and air-mass transport

Variations of levels, possible source and air mass transmission were investigated for 16 USEPA priority-controlled PAHs in PM_2.5 during 2018 Chinese Spring Festival (CSF) in Xiangyang City, central China which is the North-South pollutant airmass transport channel of China. Totally 37 samples were collected. Mass concentrations of Σ₁₆PAHs for the Pre–CSF day (Pre–CSFD), during the CSF day (CSFD) and after the CSF day (Af–CSFD) are 33.78 ± 17.68 ng/m³, 22.98 ± 6.49 ng/m³, and 8.99 ± 4.44 ng/m³, respectively. High resolution samples showed that Σ₁₆PAHs are higher in the morning (06:00–11:00) or afternoon (11:30–16:30), than those in the evening (17:00–22:00) and at night (22:30–05:30), whereas the result is reversed during the CSFD. Fireworks burning can obviously increase the mass concentration of PAHs. Air mass trajectory indicated that Xiangyang is a sink area of pollutants for northwest and southeast, and the sources of the northeast and southwest. The air mass only can be transmitted out through northeast and southwest. It is effective for improvement of air quality in Wuhan and Hunan to control fireworks emission in Henan and local areas. Fireworks burning was an important source for PAHs during CSFD, biomass, coal combustion, and traffic emission were the main sources of PAHs for Pre–CSFD and Af–CSFD periods. The health risk on the CSFD was higher than the acceptable levels, especially during the intensive fireworks burning, the risk value far exceed 1.0 × 10^?4, controlling burning fireworks is required.     

基于流态化作用的吸附反应动力学和穿透特征

基于流态化作用的吸附反应动力学和穿透特征研究还鲜见报道.以苯酚为吸附质、活性炭为吸附剂,探讨了不同流态化紊流强度对基于流态化作用的吸附效率、吸附动力学特性、吸附反应穿透曲线和饱和吸附量的影响,并与相同条件的固定床吸附反应器进行了对比研究.结果表明,表观流速为8 mm·s-1和13 mm·s-1时,基于流态化和固定态的活性炭在5 min内的吸附效率均达到93%以上,吸附反应均符合经典二级动力学方程,且其相关系数大于0.999.穿透实验结果表明,表观流速为6 mm·s-1和8 mm·s-1时,基于流态化的活性炭对苯酚的吸附总量分别较固定态高8.77 mg·g-1和24.70 mg·g-1.可见,基于流态化吸附反应器与基于固定态吸附反应器相比,具有吸附反应效率高,吸附总量大的特征.     

黄土高原土质路浮土径流产沙模拟降雨试验研究

目前关于道路侵蚀的研究较多,但针对土质路浮土侵蚀规律的研究尚未见报道,且浮土侵蚀由于浮土颗粒的特殊性质,与农地、撂荒地及道路侵蚀等有较大区别.因此,本文采用室内人工模拟降雨的方法,研究了黄土高原土质路浮土侵蚀规律.结果表明:1大坡度、大雨强时产流起始时间随浮土厚度的增大差异较小,并与雨强、坡度呈显著线性关系,坡度2°时产流时间较其他坡度滞后36.23%~52.57%,随雨强增大,产流起始时间可缩短38.57%~72.89%,开始侵蚀土质路路面发生在小区出口处.2径流量在产流开始后3 min内显著递增,增幅可达692.59%,该过程主要发生在单独浮土侵蚀时段,达到混合侵蚀时段后径流量趋于相对稳定,随雨强增大而递增,幅度可达29.84%~177.81%.开始侵蚀路面临界时间点随雨强的增大而提前,随浮土厚度的增大而滞后.3侵蚀速率在产流开始后9 min时出现转折,在此之前的单独浮土侵蚀时段波动剧烈,混合侵蚀时段在大坡度下随降雨过程持续递增,小坡度下趋于相对稳定.421 min时总径流量随雨强增大而递增,坡度对21 min时总侵蚀量影响显著,递增幅度可达15.44%~229.00%.本研究结果阐明了土质路浮土侵蚀规律,可为综合治理道路及浮土侵蚀,改善当地环境质量提供科学依据.     

微污染水源水处理技术探析

近年来,我国不少地区饮用水水源水质日益恶化,水质净化面临新的问题。通过对微污染水源水处理技术的分析,阐明了微污染水处理的基本理论,探讨了强化传统处理工艺、预处理技术、深化处理技术的作用效果与机理,展望了我国饮用水源水处理发展趋势。     

Effects of cathode potentials and nitrate concentrations on dissimilatory nitrate reductions by Pseudomonas alcaliphila in bioelectrochemical systems

The effects of cathode potentials and initial nitrate concentrations on nitrate reduction in bio- electrochemical systems （BESs） were reported. These factors could partition nitrate reduction between denitrification and dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium （DNRA）. Pseudomonas alcaliphilastrain MBR utilized an electrode as the sole electron donor and nitrate as the sole electron acceptor. When the cathode potential was set from -0.3 to -I.1 V （vs. Ag/AgC1） at an initial nitrate concentration of 100 mg NO~-N/L, the DNRA electron recovery increased from （10.76 ± 1.6）% to （35.06 ± 0.99）%; the denitrification electron recovery decreased from （63.42 ± 1,32）% to （44.33 ± 1.92）%. When the initial nitrate concentration increased from （29.09 ± 0.24） to （490.97 ± 3.49） mg NO3-N/L at the same potential （-0.9 V）, denitrification electron recovery increased from （5.88 ± 1.08）% to （50.19 ±2.59）%; the DNRA electron recovery declined from （48.79 ±1.32）% to （16.02 ± 1.41）%. The prevalence of DNRA occurred at high ratios of electron donors to acceptors in the BESs and denitrification prevailed against DNRA under a lower ratio of electron donors to acceptors. These results had a potential application value of regulating the transformation of nitrate to N2 or ammonium in BESs for nitrate removal.