自动在线监测系统利用软件数据质控有效性研究

自动在线监测设备对排放的污染物进行实时监测,获取真实有效的监测数据。研究自动在线监测设备监测数据质量保证系统是污染源自动在线监控系统科学判断和分析环境问题的前提。软件系统是数据采集、记录和存储、传输、统计分析、自我识别、形成报表和报告的集成,也是监测数据质量保证的有效手段,通过设定“阈值”和“条件”．实现了监测数的自动甄别、纠错和报警。     

HSE管理信息系统特点和发展方向

介绍了HSE管理信息系统的定义及其高效性、稳定性、标准性、安全性、整合性的特点,指出该系统与数据挖掘、系统集成和人工智能技术的结合将是未来的发展方向.     

Estimating realized and potential carbon storage benefits from reforestation and afforestation under climate change: a case study of the Qinghai spruce forests in the Qilian Mountains, northwestern China

Greenhouse gas emission has been scientifically shown to be the primary cause of observed global climate change. The reduction of greenhouse gas levels in the atmosphere deserves international attention. Aside from strategies to reduce emissions, increasing carbon (C) storage by forests has become an alternative method to lower carbon dioxide (CO₂) levels. The present study assesses the potential of C storage to decrease gas emission by restoring cleared and disturbed spruce (picea) forests in the Qilian Mountains, northwestern China. We first introduced and tested a new method for live aboveground biomass (AGB) estimation. We then used the method to define the relationship of AGB with topographic wetness index (TWI) and precipitation seasonality for total AGB estimation and quantification of the realized C storage in the live AGB of existing spruce forests. The same strategies were adopted to estimate the total AGB and the related potential C storage in the projected potential spruce forest distribution. A species distribution model was used, and the results showed that the AGB of the Qinghai spruce forests ranged between 2.30 and 4.96 Mg per plot (0.021 ha), i.e., 110 Mg ha^-1 to 236 Mg ha^-1). Actual total AGB was measured at 33 Tg, and C storage was 17.3 Tg in existing spruce forests. Potential total AGB and potential C storage were greater if the cleared and the potential C storage was ~50 Tg.     

资源型城市复杂因素耦合的系统动力学分析

针对煤炭型资源城市转型及其如何可持续发展问题,建立了资源型城市系统动力学模型,该模型主要由人口、经济、资源以及环境4部分耦合组成,通过调整煤炭回采率等9个控制变量,进而预测了城市的4种发展情景;最后,以抚顺市为例,验证了模型的真实性。研究表明,资源型城市是人口、经济、资源和环境等因素耦合的复杂系统;该资源型城市系统动力学模型的平均相对误差在8%以内;综合分析各种发展情景,情景Ⅳ在人口、经济、资源和环境方面均具有较好的综合表现;预计到2015年该情景下,抚顺市人口总量、工业和服务业增加值、耕地面积、原煤资源总量、废气污染量分别将达到219.536万人、1103.310亿元、788.813亿元、89 579 hm²、1926亿t以及8.321×102、1926亿t以及8.321×10⁷万Nm7万Nm³。     

High-throughput metagenomic analysis of petroleum-contaminated soil microbiome reveals the versatility in xenobiotic aromatics metabolism

The soil with petroleum contamination is one of the most studied soil ecosystems due to its rich microorganisms for hydrocarbon degradation and broad applications in bioremediation.However, our understanding of the genomic properties and functional traits of the soil microbiome is limited. In this study, we used high-throughput metagenomic sequencing to comprehensively study the microbial community from petroleum-contaminated soils near Tianjin Dagang oilfield in eastern China. The analysis reveals that the soil metagenome is characterized by high level of community diversity and metabolic versatility. The metageome community is predominated by γ-Proteobacteria and α-Proteobacteria, which are key players for petroleum hydrocarbon degradation. The functional study demonstrates over-represented enzyme groups and pathways involved in degradation of a broad set of xenobiotic aromatic compounds, including toluene, xylene, chlorobenzoate, aminobenzoate, DDT, methylnaphthalene, and bisphenol. A composite metabolic network is proposed for the identified pathways, thus consolidating our identification of the pathways. The overall data demonstrated the great potential of the studied soil microbiome in the xenobiotic aromatics degradation. The results not only establish a rich reservoir for novel enzyme discovery but also provide putative applications in bioremediation.     

负载铁生物炭对雄黄矿尾渣砷的钝化效果

湖南石门雄黄矿矿区内大量As含量极高的尾渣,严重威胁着当地环境安全与居民生命健康.为推动实现对雄黄矿高As尾渣的稳定化处理,系统分析了FeBC（负载铁生物炭）对雄黄矿尾渣中As的钝化效果,并对FeBC钝化As的发生机制进行探讨.结果表明:水平振荡试验和合成沉降浸出试验（synthetic precipitation leaching procedure,SPLP）中尾渣As的浸出浓度分别为103.7和173.5 mg/L;FeBC的加入[矿渣与FeBC的比例（w/w）为4:1]使尾渣中As的浸出浓度降低72.2%~79.2%.在以模拟酸雨为淋溶液的柱试验中,FeBC处理使淋出液中ρ（As）下降79.1%~99.3%,As淋失总量减少92.8%,但酸雨淋溶量的持续增加使出水中ρ（As）随pH的降低而缓慢上升.FTIR（傅里叶红外光谱）分析发现,FeBC表面负载的Fe原子通过羟基与砷酸根之间的配位基交换作用吸附As是FeBC高效钝化尾渣中As的关键机制;同时,生物炭载体表面含氧官能团还可能通过氢键与As氧合阴离子或分子发生了吸附反应.研究显示,FeBC在钝化雄黄矿尾渣中高含量As方面具有突出优势,可用于快速降低矿渣中As的浸出毒性;但在长期酸雨淋溶条件下,可能需要设置酸度缓冲层以充分保障FeBC钝化As作用的稳定性和持久性.      

基于包络线法的长江三角洲典型植物光谱识别研究

高光谱遥感的出现使树种的精细识别成为可能,本论文利用FieldSpec3便携式地物波谱仪,获取了金边黄杨（Euonvmus Japonicus cv.Aureo-ma）,圆柏（Sabina chinensis）,麦冬（Ophiopogon japonicus）和珊瑚树（Viburnum awabuki）4种植物类型的高光谱数据。在对原始光谱数据进行有效预处理的基础上,进行包络线去除。选择差异较大的550~780 nm光谱波段,对包络线去除后的光谱曲线进行计算得到了这4种植被的吸收峰总面积、吸收峰左面积、吸收峰右面积、对称度等特征参数,根据吸收峰总面积与吸收峰左面积的差异,识别出金边黄杨。最后,对包络线进行一阶微分处理,发现在610~620 nm之间,圆柏的曲线特征表现为吸收谷,其他植物则表现为反射峰;而在670~680 nm之间,麦冬的曲线表现为反射峰,其他植被则表现为吸收谷,根据这两个特征,可以将麦冬、圆柏与珊瑚树区别开来。可见,包络线去除法能突出不同植物光谱特征的差异,从而实现不同树种的光谱识别。本研究结果将为利用遥感数据进行森林树种的高光谱识别与监测提供一些经验。     

人工湿地反硝化外加固体碳源选择研究

为了筛选合适的固体碳源,以玉米秸秆、污泥作为研究对象进行碳源释放规律及预处理实验研究,并从碳源释放量,释放速率、释放C/N比等方面探讨其做为碳源的可行性。结果表明,碱加热预处理后的玉米秸秆碳元素平均释放量为10.31 mg/(g·d),较酸加碱加热预处理方式高0.91 mg/(g·d),但二者氮元素平均释放量相同,均为0.20 mg/(g·d)。污泥经预处理后,碳、氮元素平均释放量分别为8.98 mg/(g·d)、0.21 mg/(g·d)。考虑到污泥作为反硝化碳源可以实现污泥的资源化、减量化和无害化。所以污泥和碱加热处理的玉米秸秆均可作为人工湿地外加碳源。     

煤炭资源型城市街尘重金属污染特征及其生态风险——以宿州市为例

为了解煤炭资源型城市宿州市街尘重金属污染特征和生态风险,对23个采样点进行了12个月的连续采样。利用X射线荧光光谱分析仪对采集到的276个街尘样品进行了Cr、Cu、Mn、Pb、V和Zn等重金属含量检测。结果表明:Cr、Cu、Mn、Pb、V和Zn均值含量分别为112.9、27.5、410.3、45.2、75.6和225.3 mg/kg,除Mn和V外,其他四种重金属均超过土壤背景值。地累积指数评价结果表明,Cu、Mn和V无污染,而Cr和Pb为无污染至中度污染,Zn为中度污染。6种重金属各月份的污染负荷指数介于1~2之间,污染等级为无污染至中度污染。尽管单个重金属及6种重金属联合所致的潜在生态风险均为轻微生态风险等级,但空间分析结果表明,潜在生态风险指数的高值区一般多分布在人为活动较频繁的地段,说明重金属含量及其生态风险明显受人为活动影响。同时,风向风速对街尘重金属含量和时空变化也有重要影响。     

低碳经济型电子商务的发展与研究

介绍了中国电子商务发展的趋势,主要有电子商务销售规模大幅度高,电子商务企业发展迅速,交易日益多样化,移动网络成为交易平台,探讨了中国电子商务实施低碳发展的困境,它们是B2C小订单零售模式,小企业电子商务基础差,效率较低,建立科学的电子商务线路问题,促进电商低碳发展,提出了中国电子商务与低碳发展的趋势,主要是电子商务产业的信息服务平台,电子商务采用公车模式,鼓励电子商务大订单交易,电子商务交易不断优化创新,提高中国低碳发展水平.