艰险地区地质调查作业人员安全装备保障体系的构建

为有效提升艰险地区地质调查作业人员安全装备保障水平,结合艰险地区作业环境特点和地质调查作业人员安全装备配备现状,从气象和气候条件、地理环境、自然灾害、人文地理四个方面进行了安全风险分析,并依据事故发生的可能性和严重性将风险划分为5个等级,最终按照"立足实际、重点优先、优化配置"原则提出了由个体防护、应急自救、人员定位、野外生存4类系统组成的地质调查作业人员安全装备保障体系以及安全装备配备建议,以期能够最大限度地降低安全风险对作业人员的影响,从根本上解决艰险地区地质调查作业人员个体防护用品配备标准适用性差、安全装备系统化程度低、个体防护用品整体质量不高、安全装备更新不及时不到位等突出问题,可为今后地质调查作业人员安全装备保障体系建设以及安全装备配备提供指导和参考。     

飞灰对废弃物焚烧过程中二恶英的抑制和捕获作用研究

通过工程试验和分析测试,分别对城市生活垃圾和医疗废弃物焚烧过程中高温烟气段和低温烟气段飞灰对二恶英的抑制和捕获作用进行了初步的研究。研究表明:适当增加锅炉灰循环量对于二恶英的再合成能起到抑制作用,飞灰中金属氧化物介质可能存在着催化和阻止的双重竞争机制;添加飞灰对于吸附医疗废物焚烧尾气中的二恶英所起作用不明显,但飞灰对燃烧残炭的吸附作用非常明显。     

Iron and lead ion adsorption by microbial flocculants in synthetic wastewater and their related carbonate formation

Although microbial treatments of heavy metal ions in wastewater have been studied, the removal of these metals through incorporation into carbonate minerals has rarely been reported. To investigate the removal of Fe^3＋ and Pb^2＋, two representative metals in wastewater, through the precipitation of carbonate minerals by a microbial flocculant （MBF） produced by Bacillus mucilaginosus. MBF was added to synthetic wastewater containing different Fe^3＋ and Pb^2＋ concentrations, and the extent of flocculation was analyzed. CO2 was bubbled into the mixture of MBF and Fe^3＋/Pb^2＋ to initiate the reaction. The solid substrates were analyzed via X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy. The results showed that the removal efficiency decreased and the MBF adsorption capacity for metals increased with increasing heavy metal concentration. In the system containing MBF, metals （Fe^3＋ and Pb^2＋）, and CO2, the concentrated metals adsorbed onto the MBF combined with the dissolved CO2, resulting in oversaturation of metal carbonate minerals to form iron carbonate and lead carbonates. These results may be used in designing a method in which microbes can be utilized to combine CO2 with wastewater heavy metals to form carbonates, with the aim of mitigating environmental problems.     

宏基因组技术在土壤污染微生物修复中的应用

微生物修复在土壤污染治理中具有重要地位。虽然环境中可以培养的微生物比例很低,但微生物的基因资源十分丰富,运用宏基因组技术可以克服传统修复技术中微生物资源利用不充分的问题,为未培养微生物的研究提供了有力手段。本文对宏基因组技术一般流程作了介绍,并结合土壤污染的特点,对该技术应用在土壤污染微生物修复的现状、研究及展望作了阐述。     

城市突发公共事件风险评估

突发公共事件表现出了强烈的损失发生不确定性,企业或政府单位应主动地认识突发公共事件风险,积极管理突发公共事件风险,有效地控制突发公共事件风险,把突发公共事件风险减至最低的程度,实行突发公共事件全过程风险管理.本文主要介绍了突发公共事件风险管理的主要程序和重要内容.     

Head injuries in child pedestrian accidents--in-depth case analysis and reconstructions

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate head injuries, injury risks, and corresponding tolerance levels of children in car-to--child pedestrian collisions. METHODS: An in-depth accident analysis was carried out based on 23 accident cases involving child pedestrians. These cases were collected with detailed information about pedestrians, cars, and road environments. All 23 accidents were reconstructed using the MADYMO program with mathematical models of passenger cars and child pedestrians developed at Chalmers University of Technology. The contact properties of the car models were derived from the European New Car Assessment Program (EuroNCAP) subsystem tests. RESULTS: The accident analysis demonstrated that the head was the most frequently and severely injured body part of child pedestrians. Most accidents occurred at impact speeds lower than 40 km/h and 98% of the child pedestrians were impacted from the lateral direction. The initial postures of children at the moment of impact were identified. Nearly half (47%) of the children were running, which was remarkable compared with the situation of adult pedestrians. From accident reconstructions it was found that head impact conditions and injury severities were dependent on the shape and stiffness of the car front, impact velocity, and stature of the child pedestrian. Head injury criteria and corresponding tolerance levels were analyzed and discussed by correlating the calculated injury parameters with the injury outcomes in the accidents. CONCLUSIONS: Reducing head injuries should be set as a priority in the protection of child pedestrians. HIC is an important injury criterion for predicting the risks of head injuries in child pedestrian accidents. The tolerance level of head injuries can have a considerable variation due to individual differences of the child pedestrians. By setting a suitable speed limit and improving the design of car front, the head injury severities of child pedestrians can be reduced.     

北京市PM5.0可吸入颗粒物反演及其时空分布分析

分析城市可吸入颗粒物的空间特征及影响因素对于制定更为有效的可吸入颗粒物污染控制政策具有重要的现实意义.本研究在实际采样和遥感数据处理基础上,构造差值植被指数(DVI),通过建立TM影像与对应PM5.0颗粒物实测值之间的相关关系模型,对北京市2008~2010年3 a的PM5.0的分布进行了反演计算和精度分析;研究了NDBI和NDMI对PM5.0浓度的影响,进一步揭示了北京五环区域范围内可吸入颗粒物的时空分布特征.结果表明,采用DVI反演PM5.0分布的方法可行,反演精度在可接受范围内;整体上研究区2008年PM5.0颗粒物污染最轻,西南三环和四环以及东南三四环之间为颗粒物污染的高值区,西北五环附近颗粒物污染较轻;NDBI(归一化建筑指数)、NDMI(归一化水汽指数)与PM5.0可吸入颗粒物的分布分别呈现显著的负相关和正相关关系,且二者对PM5.0的影响相近.     

填埋场中铁的生物化学循环对反硝化的影响

在模拟填埋体系中,以填埋场稳定的垃圾为接种物,通过控制有机物和硝氮负荷,研究了铁的生物化学循环对反硝化的影响.结果表明,垃圾填埋场内蕴藏着能实现铁的厌氧氧化还原并同步还原硝氮的复合功能菌群.通过改变有机物和硝氮的负荷,可使得填埋场内持续进行着铁的氧化还原循环和同步氮素转化.从氮素转化产物来看,铁的循环体系中氨氮浓度比传统的反硝化体系低4 mmol·L-1.填埋场内铁的生物化学循环过程对于原位脱氮具有极大贡献.     

生物吸附/MBR/硫铁自养反硝化组合工艺运行特性及蛋白质源污泥增量研究

为实现污水处理的深度脱氮除磷及蛋白质源污泥增量,进行了生物吸附/MBR/硫铁自养反硝化组合工艺处理城镇污水的试验研究.结果表明,生物吸附池可以快速富集进水中的大部分有机物,COD平均去除率为55.1%,剩余污泥采用厌氧发酵方式处理,用于生产优质碳源.通过组合工艺系统中的硝化、硫自养反硝化及铁屑除磷作用,出水氨氮、总氮和总磷分别达到1、5和0.4 mg·L~(-1)以下.优质碳源投加到MBR工艺段,碳源环境的改善使得污泥增长率从0.17 g VSS/g COD提高至0.49 g VSS/g COD,进水中总氮的同化比例从40%提高至59%.此外,污泥中蛋白质及氨基酸含量也显著增长,增长率分别为18.3%和19.7%.组合工艺在获得高排放标准水质的同时,实现了高蛋白质源污泥的增量,可为污泥资源化利用提供优质原料.     

探究城市污水处理项目的环境影响评价

水作为人类赖以生存的主要能源物质,随着社会综合水平的提高,各行业对水资源的需求越是急切。而现阶段城市中大量污水给环境带来很多不利影响,环保公司针对城市污水处理不断在技术上进行突破、完善,将智能化节能技术运用到城市污水处理中,使设备、资源得到充分利用,为人们用水条件带来更加充沛、丰富的保障与支持。为有效处理城市污水,争取在城市污水处理发挥更大作用,带动城市环境可持续发展。