我国印染废水处理技术的现状和发展趋势

按物理法、化学法和生物法分别评述了我国印染废水治理技术的现状，并提出了今后的发展趋势。     

灾害基本特性研究

本文从灾害的产生、成因、过程及后果等多个方面分析灾害的基本特性,并揭示这些特性在灾害研究与减灾防灾中的应用意义。     

Effect of phosphate fertilizer application on phosphorus (P) losses from paddy soils in Taihu Lake Region. I. Effect of phosphate fertilizer rate on P losses from paddy soil

A field plot study was conducted on two types of paddy soils in the Taihu Lake Region, during the rice season of year 2000 in order to assess phosphorus (P) losses by runoff and vertical leaching, which are considered the two main pathways of P movement from paddy soil into its surrounding water course. Commercial NPK compound fertilizer and single superphosphate fertilizer were applied to furnish 0, 30, 150, and 300 kg applied P ha m(-2). The experiments consisted of three replicates of each treatment in Changshu site and four replicates in Anzhen site, with a plot size of 5 x 6 m2 in a randomized block. Results revealed that the average concentration range for total P (TP) in runoff was 1.857-7.883, 1.038-5.209, 0.783-1.255 and 0.572-0.691 mg P l(-1) respectively for P300, P150, P30 and P0 in Anzhen, while it was 2.431-2.449, 1.578-1.890, 1.050-1.315 and 0.749-0.941 mg P l(-1) respectively in Changshu. In all treatments, particulate P (PP) represented a major portion of the TP lost in runoff, it was 80% in Anzhen, and it was even more (>90%) in Changshu. Phosphate fertilizer treatments significantly affected P concentrations and P loads in the runoff. The mean concentration and average seasonal TP load from the P150 plots were 1.809 mg P l(-1) and 395 g P ha m(-2) season(-1) respectively, and lower than that from the P300 plots (2.957 mg P l(-1) and 652 g P ha m(-2) season(-1)). These were obviously higher than from the P30 (0.761 mg P l(-1) and 221 g P ha m(-2) season(-1)) and P0 (0.484 mg P l(-1) and 146 g P ha m(-2) season(-1)) respectively. There was no significant difference found between the P30 and the P0 in both sites. Under usual P application rate, there were total 31.7 and 20.6 tones P removed by runoff from permeable (Anzhen site) and waterlogged (Changshu site) paddy soils in the southern Jiangsu region (major part of the TLR) in the rice season of the year 2000. But if the P application rate is unusual high, or the Olsen P in soil accumulates to above a certain level, then this could sharply increase in the future. The average concentration of molybdate reactive phosphorus (MRP) in the vertical leachate from the four different P treatments ranged from 0.058 to 0.304 mg P l(-1) in Anzhen and from 0.048 to 0.394 mg P l(-1) in Changshu. P application rate significantly affected the MRP concentration at each depth in both sites, except for the 90 cm in Anzhen. The average MRP loads during the rice season moved by vertical leaching from the four treatments ranged from 163 to 855 g P ha m(-2) season(-1) in Anzhen and 208-1,825 g P ha m(-2) season(-1) in Changshu. Vertical leachate movement does not necessarily mean that it moves towards surface water and contaminate the watercourses in this flat plain paddy soil region, it does, however, imply that P can move down from surface layers of soil to deeper levels.     

粉煤灰和电石渣对聚丙烯塑料裂解的影响研究

研究了粉煤灰和电石渣对聚丙烯塑料裂解的影响,讨论了加入量对裂解速度和裂解产物的影响.结果表明:粉煤灰和电石渣都使裂解产物中的轻质部分(汽油和裂解气)增加、重油降低;粉煤灰比电石渣更能加快反应的进行,而且加入量越多,反应越快,需时越短;粉煤灰比电石渣对聚丙烯塑料的裂解具有明显的催化促进效果.     

无人机遥测技术在氯气泄漏事故预警监测中的应用

分析了工业园区氯气泄漏预警监测工作的现状以及其缺点,提出了一种用无人机搭载传感器的技术对工业用氯气进行实时监测的构想,并展望了其在安全预警领域中应用的前景。     

零价铁对水中六价铬还原性能及沉淀污泥中铬的固定化

采用零价铁还原水中六价铬,考察了溶液初始pH、铁粉投量、反应温度及水体中常见阴阳离子对还原效率的影响,得出其工艺参数为:初始pH=3.0,反应时间t=30 min,反应温度为室温,Fe0与Cr(VI)质量比为1 000: 1。将还原后产生的三价铬以沉淀形式从水中彻底分离出来,并对其进行了碱激发矿渣固定化处理,考察了固定化样品中Cr在不同环境条件下的浸出水平,结果表明,固定化处理能有效控制沉淀污泥中Cr的浸出。     

驻极体空气过滤器对办公环境PM2.5的净化效果

针对办公环境PM2.5的净化问题,现场测试了以3种不同过滤面积的驻极体空气过滤器为核心过滤元件的空气净化器的过滤性能,并与普通高效微粒空气过滤器(high-efficiency particulate air,HEPA)、初效碳纤维滤层和活性炭滤网等进行了对比.测试点为上海某三楼办公室座位区离地面1.1 m处人体坐姿呼吸平面.采用蜡烛烟雾作为室内微细颗粒污染物的来源.分别测试了40 min内PM2.5的质量浓度衰减值和相应运行功率,并计算了净化器处理风量和洁净空气量.结果表明,过滤面积在0.20~0.54 m2范围内驻极体过滤器的过滤效率随面积增加而提高;过滤面积为0.29 m2的驻极体处理风量最大;以洁净空气量与功率的比值作为指标,可以直观判断出净化效果最好的是初效滤网叠加过滤面积为0.54 m2的驻极体过滤器;该工况下40 min内PM2.5浓度衰减率与HEPA几乎相同且均接近70%,但是洁净空气量大于HEPA.     

柴油机排放碳颗粒物和NOx催化净化技术的研究进展

本文从柴油机排放的特点、柴油机排放的标准、柴油机排放碳颗粒物和NOx催化净化技术等方面进行了综述与探讨,就柴油机排放碳颗粒物和NOx催化净化技术的研究提出了一些建议和设想.     

Bibliometric analysis of zerovalent iron particles research for environmental remediation from 2000 to 2019

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Zerovalent iron (ZVI) has been a major focus of research and has attracted great attention during the last 2 decades by international researchers...     

出舱活动过程中航天员的热舒适性分析

分析了出舱活动中航天员－ 服装系统的热平衡,阐述了影响航天员热舒适性的因素及热舒适性的评价标准,并对美国航天员舱外活动的冷应激的人体工程学问题进行了讨论。还指出了提高航天员热舒适性有待解决的几个关键问题。