生态环保扶贫减损增益和“绿水青山就是金山银山”转化研究

打通“绿水青山就是金山银山”转化路径是生态经济研究的重要内容,也是衔接脱贫攻坚和乡村振兴的有效途径.结合扶贫领域生态环境保护项目实施情况,从生态保护修复效益、环境污染治理效益、“绿水青山就是金山银山”转化效益方面构建了生态环境损益与“绿水青山就是金山银山”转化效益评估指标体系,并选择江西省崇义县进行案例研究.结果表明:①构建的生态环境损益与“绿水青山就是金山银山”转化效益评估指标体系包括生态保护修复实现的增值量、环境污染治理产生的减损量和“绿水青山就是金山银山”转化的经济收入.②崇义县良好生态环境实现的“绿水青山就是金山银山”转化效益初步显现,2018年崇义县“绿水青山就是金山银山”转化的经济收入为22.77×108元,是2013年的3.77倍,通过“绿水青山”向“金山银山”转化的经济收入得到逐步释放.③生态环保扶贫不仅可以提高区域生态环境质量,而且可以防止产生新的生态破坏与环境污染事件,通过发展生态经济,促进贫困地区县域经济绿色转型发展,巩固脱贫攻坚成果和支撑乡村振兴.研究显示,着眼于生态环保扶贫促绿色转型发展和生态产品价值实现,保护修复生态环境获得合理回报,“绿水青山就是金山银山”转化效益评估包括绿色有机农产品产值、生态旅游和生态补偿类收入,指标简单、可操作性强,可为生态环保扶贫政策优化和贫困地区可持续发展管理提供参考.      

基于Landsat-8的城市湖泊水体总悬浮物吸收系数的遥感反演——以杭州西湖为例

近年来城市湖泊水质受到广泛关注.总悬浮物(total suspended matter,TSM)是水质和水环境评价的重要参数之一,其直接决定着水下光场分布,进而影响水体的初级生产力.本研究基于在杭州西湖的各湖区收集的遥感反射率(R_(rs),sr~(-1))数据和总悬浮物的吸收系数(a_p(440),m~(-1))进行高光谱建模,比较不同经验函数形式和不同模型输入的效果,得到高光谱下的最佳函数是指数函数,最佳模型输入是B1/B2或(B1-B2)/(B1+B2).其中,当模型输入为B1/B2和(B1-B2)/(B1+B2)时,模型R~20.6,波段B1和B2范围分别是580～690 nm和515～535 nm,及700～720 nm和515～615 nm.参照最佳波段范围和Landsat-8的波段设置,选定Landsat-8红色和绿色波段反演模型.并根据卫星数据验证结果,选定最优模型a_p(440)=51.17e~(-7.75x),x=(OLI3-OLI4)/(OLI3+OLI4),在3幅Landsat-8图像上应用模型,观察西湖TSM的变化.研究结果发现人类活动可能对西湖的TSM有很大的影响,并且我们的研究和结果有望为未来城市湖泊水质管理提供方法、数据和指导.     

Using X-ray computed tomography and micro-Raman spectrometry to measure individual particle surface area, volume, and morphology towards investigating atmospheric heterogeneous reactions

Heterogeneous reactions on the aerosol particle surface in the atmosphere play important roles in air pollution, climate change, and global biogeochemical cycles. However, the reported uptake coefficients of heterogeneous reactions usually have large variations and may not be relevant to real atmospheric conditions. One of the major reasons for this is the use of bulk samples in laboratory experiments, while particles in the atmosphere are suspended individually. A number of technologies have been developed recently to study heterogeneous reactions on the surfaces of individual particles. Precise measurements on the reactive surface area, volume, and morphology of individual particles are necessary for calculating the uptake coefficient, quantifying reactants and products, and understanding the reaction mechanism better. In this study, for the first time we used synchrotron radiation X-ray computed tomography(XCT) and micro-Raman spectrometry to measure individual CaCO_3 particle morphology, with sizes ranging from 3.5–6.5 μm. Particle surface area and volume were calculated using a reconstruction method based on software threedimensional(3-D) rendering. The XCT was first validated with high-resolution fieldemission scanning electron microscopy(FE-SEM) to acquire accurate CaCO_3 particle surface area and volume estimates. Our results showed an average difference of only 6.1% in surface area and 3.2% in volume measured either by micro-Raman spectrometry or X-ray tomography. X-ray tomography and FE-SEM can provide more morphological details of individual Ca CO3 particles than micro-Raman spectrometry. This study demonstrated that X-ray computed tomography and micro-Raman spectrometry can precisely measure the surface area, volume, and morphology of an individual particle.     

PM2.5暴露导致老年小鼠可逆性心肌肥大

采用10月龄C57BL/6雌性小鼠作为实验模型,将小鼠分为对照和PM_(2.5)染毒组两组.将染毒组小鼠采用3 mg·kg~(-1)PM_(2.5)暴露4周后,分别在最后一次暴露后1 d、1周和2周处死小鼠.采用苏木素-伊红染色(HE)对小鼠心脏组织进行观察;采用荧光定量PCR技术检测心肌肥大相关因子ANP和β-MHC及基质金属蛋白酶MMP2和MMP9的mRNA水平;并采用Western Blot技术检测TGFβ1和MMP2的蛋白表达水平.结果发现,与对照组相比,经PM_(2.5)暴露4周后,小鼠心肌细胞核质比显著降低,心脏组织中ANP、β-MHC、MMP2和MMP9的mRNA表达水平及TGFβ1和MMP2的蛋白表达水平显著上升.停止暴露恢复1周后,小鼠心肌细胞核质比降低仍有显著差异,TGFβ1和MMP2蛋白表达水平仍显著上升,而各基因mRNA表达水平与对照组相比无显著变化.停止暴露恢复2周后,小鼠心肌细胞核质比、上述基因的mRNA和蛋白表达均无显著性差异.实验表明PM_(2.5)暴露可导致小鼠可逆性心肌肥大,提示PM_(2.5)所造成的心肌肥大损伤效应是可逆的,在暴露停止后机体可以通过自我修复等过程逐渐恢复正常.     

Chemical fractionations and bioavailability of cadmium and zinc to cole （Brassica campestris L.） grown in the multi-metals contaminated oasis soil, northwest of China

A pot experiment was conducted to study the relationship between distribution of cadmium (Cd) and zinc (Zn) and their availability to cole (Brassica campestris L.) grown in the multi-metal contaminated oasis soil in northwest of China. The results showed that Cd and Zn in the unpolluted oasis soil was mainly found in the residual fractionation, however, with increasing contents of Cd and Zn in the oasis soil, the distribution of Cd and Zn changed significantly. The growth of cole could be promoted by low Cd and Zn concentration, but significantly restrained by high concentrations. There was antagonistic e ect among Cd and Zn in the multi-metals contaminated oasis soil. Stepwise regression analysis between fractionations distribution coe cients of the two meals in the soil and their contents in cole showed that both Cd and Zn in the exchangeable fractionation in the oasis soil made the most contribution on the uptake of Cd and Zn in cole. The bio-concentration factor (BCF) of Cd was greater than Zn in cole, and BCFs of the two metals in leaves were greater than those in roots. The translocation factors of the two metals in cole were greater than 1, and the two metals mainly accumulated in the edible parts in cole. Therefore, cole is not a suitable vegetable for the oasis soil because of the plants notable contamination by heavy metals.     

黄姜废水微生物燃料电池产电去污性能研究

以H型反应器研究了微生物燃料电池(MFC)利用黄姜废水产电的效果,并结合产电周期中阳极液氧化峰电位、COD、pH值等物化指标及进出水IR、GC-MS谱图变化讨论了MFC对黄姜废水污染物的去除特性.黄姜废水MFC内阻约480 Ω,最大功率密度可达1 18.1 mW/m2,外接1 000 Ω电阻时,5 mL黄姜废水所含有机...     

城市污泥的土地利用与防止重金属污染的研究进展

介绍了目前城市污泥的土地利用的主要方式,评述了近年来国内外城市污泥应用于农业生态系统,草地生态系统,森林生态系统的研究进展。简要介绍了重金属的去处方法,在此基础上,提出了今后研究去除城市污泥中重金属方法的方向。     

微生物修复柴油污染土试验研究∗

为比较提取的5种降解菌及混合菌修复柴油污染土的能力,利用超声萃取-紫外分光光度法对修复后柴油污染土剩余油浓度进行测定,研究温度、pH、含水率及接种量等对柴油污染土降解效果的影响。结果表明,降解菌的降解率随温度升高先增大后减小,且温度为32℃时,六种组合柴油污染土的降解率均达到最大值;随pH增大,苍白杆菌属的降解率逐渐减小,铜绿假单胞菌的降解率逐渐增加,假单胞菌属、戈登氏菌属和混合菌的降解率先减小后增大,博德特氏菌的降解率先增大后减小;随含水率增大,苍白杆菌属和混合菌的降解率先增大后减小,假单胞菌属、戈登氏菌属、铜绿假单胞菌和博德特氏菌属的降解率呈上升趋势;随接种量增大,苍白杆菌属和混合菌的降解率先增大后减小,假单胞菌属、戈登氏菌属、铜绿假单胞菌和博德特氏菌属的降解率先减小后增大。通过对比试验建议使用混合菌修复柴油污染土,并给出了降解优化条件。     

HRGC-QMS筛查焚烧炉排放废气中PCDDFs的技术

建立并优化了应用HRGC-QMS(高分辨气相色谱-四极杆质谱)对废弃物焚烧设施排放废气中17种2,3,7,8-PCDD/Fs进行筛查测定的方法,并对其关键技术进行了研究.结果表明,严格的样品净化程序和优化的仪器参数提高了低分辨质谱在二(噁)英类定量分析中的准确性和精密度,仪器检出限为0.5～5 pg,方法检出限为0.9～20 pg,提取内标回收率符合二(噁)英类分析要求.利用该方法对57个废弃物焚烧设施排放的废气样品进行检测,得到的毒性当量(TEQ)浓度与高分辨磁质谱(标准分析仪器)的测定结果具有良好的线性关系(R2=0.978 5).