A comprehensive simulation approach for pollutant bio-transformation in the gravity sewer

A comprehensive pollutant transformation model for sewer systems is established. The model comprises fermentation, sulfate reduction and ammonification processes. Biochemical reactions related to distinct carbon sources are depicted in the model. Pollutant transformation is attributed to different biochemical reaction processes. Presently, several activated sludge models (ASMs) have been developed to describe a few biochemical processes. However, the commonly used ASM neither clearly describe the migratory transformation characteristics of fermentation nor depict the relationship between the carbon source and biochemical reactions. In addition, these models also do not describe both ammonification and the integrated metabolic processes in sewage transportation. In view of these limitations, we developed a new and comprehensive model that introduces anaerobic fermentation into the ASM and simulates the process of sulfate reduction, ammonification, hydrolysis, acidogenesis and methanogenesis in a gravity sewer. The model correctly predicts the transformation of organics including proteins, lipids, polysaccharides, etc. The simulation results show that the degradation of organics easily generates acetic acid in the sewer system and the high yield of acetic acid is closely linked to methanogenic metabolism. Moreover, propionic acid is the crucial substrate for sulfate reduction and ammonification tends to be affected by the concentration of amino acids. Our model provides a promising tool for simulating and predicting outcomes in response to variations in wastewater quality in sewers.     

不同时刻污染减排对北京市PM2.5浓度的影响

利用空气质量模式Model-3/CMAQ及京津冀地区高分辨率排放源清单,针对有代表性的污染时段(2012年2月7~16日),设置了5种不同时刻的减排方案(在污染峰值提前4d、提前3d、提前2d、提前1d及当天减排),对比在同样的减排比例下,不同时刻开始减排的效果差异.研究发现,提前采取减排控制措施比污染峰值当天开始减排对降低PM2.5浓度的影响更为明显,而且提前采取应急减排的时间越早,PM2.5浓度下降越明显.提前1d、2d、3d减排海淀站和城六区峰值浓度下降率分别为23%和22%、31%和30%、39%和38%,均明显高于当天减排的峰值浓度下降率10%和9%.但随着提前天数的增加,PM2.5峰值浓度进一步下降的幅度越来越小,减排效益较之前显著降低.提前4d减排海淀站和城六区峰值浓度下降率分别为40%和39%,提前4d减排和提前3d减排对降低污染峰值日PM2.5浓度的效果已没有太大差别.同时针对另一个污染时段(2012年1月11~20日)进行了相似的敏感性试验,得出了类似的结论.因此,针对某些污染事件的应急减排,综合考虑减排成本和减排效果,根据气象条件的预报,在可能引起重污染事件的不利气象条件来临时提前2~3d采取减排措施效果最好,既能有效降低PM2.5浓度,也可以避免因盲目长时间减排造成的成本过大.     

水动力条件下苦草对沉积物氮释放的影响

在浅水湖泊中,沉积物易受到水流的扰动释放出原本沉降于其中的氮营养盐。沉水植物一方面能够减少水动力的作用,一方面又能够吸收沉积物中的和已经释放到上覆水中的氮营养盐供其生长同时改善水质。因此,研究沉水植物对沉积物中氮营养盐释放的影响具有很重要的实际意义。借助自主开发的生态水槽,研究苦草（Vallisneria spiraslis L.）在动、静水条件下对沉积物氮的释放的影响。实验装置包括四组水槽,两组动水槽中的一组只铺沉积物,另一组在沉积物上种植苦草,两组静水槽也如此设置。在40 d的实验周期内,我们在实验始末采集沉积物样品,在每一个采样时间点（0、1、3、6、12、20、30、40 d）采集水样,并测定沉积物中总氮含量,原水样中的总氮含量以及过滤水样中的总氮、氨氮、硝氮和亚硝氮的含量。研究结果表明：没有苦草的实验组0～1 cm沉积物层总氮下降幅度较大,有苦草的实验组表面0～1 cm沉积物层氮含量较高。苦草从根系周围沉积物中吸收氮,1～4 cm沉积物层的吸收量多于4～8 cm沉积物层。各水槽上覆水中总氮含量在第1天就有较大的增加,从0.09 mg·L^-1分别升到0.60、0.50、0.379、0.36 mg·L^-1在水动力影响下的增加更显著,后缓慢上升。动水槽中进入到上覆水的氮中80%以上是以溶解态氮形式存在,静水槽中这个比例高达90%以上。苦草对溶解态和颗粒态氮的去除率最高可达27.6%和84.3%。3种氮形态中硝态氮的含量比重较大,在动水条件下,苦草对氨氮,硝氮和亚硝氮的去除率最高可达30.0%、25.0%和60.0%。但苦草对水中氮形态的比例的影响并不明显。以上结果说明水动力条件明显促进沉积物中氮的释放,沉水植物苦草通过保护表层沉积物,吸收下层沉积物中氮,去除进入上覆水中的氮,特别是颗粒态氮和溶解态中的亚硝态     

Study on particulate and metallic elements variation at daytime and nighttime period in urban atmosphere

Daily PM_2.5, PM_2.5–10 and TSP have been collected by Universal and PS‐1 sampler simultaneously at a site within Taichung between February and March 1999. The filters were analyzed by atomic absorption spectrophotometry for the elemental analysis of Ca, Fe, Mn, Pb, Cu, Zn and Cr. In general, the concentration of these metallic elements are higher in fine particles than in coarse particles. On average, PM₁₀ accounted for 67% of the TSP at daytime, while at nighttime PM₁₀ accounted for only 44% of the TSP. For PM_2.5, PM₂._5–10 and TSP concentrations, there were no significant differences between day and night period. The averaged concentrations of metallic elements in PM_2.5 at daytime were all higher than that at nighttime. Ca, Fe and Zn have large and variable PM_2.5 concentrations at both daytime and nighttime. For the daytime Zn and Pb account for the largest portion of the heavy metal elements. For the nighttime, Zn and Cr make the largest portion of the heavy metal elements. The concentrations of Mn were higher on fine particulates. The trace metals Cu and Cr in Taichung are probably due to particulates emitted by Taichung Fire Power Plants transported into the sampling area by the prevailing northwesterly wind.     

First determination of Cu adsorption on soil humin

Humic substances are heterogeneous mixtures of organic compounds occurring in huge amounts mainly in waters, soils, sediments and organic wastes. They are formed during the decay of living organisms. They play a very important role in many environmental processes including carbon sequestration, water cleaning and retention, soil erosion, fertility and pollutant retention. However, due to their complex nature, humic substances are still poorly characterized and much less known than living matter. Humin is the most insoluble and, in turn, the least understood fraction of humic substances. To our knowledge, no information is currently available on the adsorption and desorption behaviors of metal ions on soil humin. Here, we report the adsorption and desorption properties of Cu(II) on humin and humic acids isolated from a forest soil in northeast China using the batch equilibration method. Solid-state ¹³C cross-polarization magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (¹³C CPMAS NMR) spectroscopy was used to characterize and compare the chemical structures of humin and humic acid. The batch experiments’ results show that humin has a lower adsorption capacity and higher adsorption reversibility for Cu(II) than humic acid. The adsorption isotherms well fitted both the Langmuir and Freundlich equations. Humin, therefore, plays an important role in controlling the fate, transport and bioavailability of Cu(II) in the environment. The ¹³C CPMAS NMR spectra showed that compared with humic acid, humin was higher in alkyl C, carbohydrate C and phenolic C and was lower in methoxyl C, aryl C and carbonyl C. These findings mean that humin was less alkylated, more aliphatic and more hydrophobic.     

大运河丰水期水体中全氟化合物的分布

应用固相萃取分离富集与高效液相色谱/电喷雾负电离源串联质谱法分析了2014年6月采自京杭大运河水体41个样品中17 种全氟化合物,对其污染现状及分布进行了讨论,并对污染来源进行了分析.大运河水体中的全氟化合物总浓度（∑PFCs）范围为7.4~153.5ng/L.PFCs含量有一个大致从南到北递减的趋势.大运河江南部分∑PFCs在杭州嘉兴河段处出现高值点.长江以北部分在德州地区出现高值点,南方大部分河段以PFOA为主导化合物,而在北方河段PFOA的主导性降低.对大运河沿途地区城镇化、经济水平与各地区大运河水体平均∑PFCs浓度的关系进行了比较,结果表明具有较高的相关性.     

我国苏南地区香樟树皮赋存的二英类污染特征及来源

为分析长江下游经济高速发展区的POPs污染特征,于2012年8月在苏南地区典型城市10个采样点采集香樟树皮,应用高分辨气相色谱-高分辨质谱(HRGC-HRMS)联用技术对二英(PCDD/Fs)浓度水平进行监测,同时采用主成分分析(PCA)法探讨其可能来源. 结果表明:苏南地区香樟树皮中二英的毒性当量(I-TEQ)浓度(以干质量计,下同)为5.6～12.2 pg/g,平均值为7.2 pg/g;4～8氯代二英同族体质量分数(以干质量计)范围为418～938 pg/g,平均值为635 pg/g. 由于二英在大气中的长距离迁移潜力较强,在研究的苏南地区区域尺度上,其含量在城市中心区和对照区之间的差异性并不明显;苏南地区香樟树皮二英质量分数及毒性当量浓度均高于国外报道的背景区及典型城市中树皮的水平. 对比典型二英排放源及树皮中二英特征谱图,可推断苏南地区香樟树皮中二英可能主要来源于危险(医疗)废物焚烧、机动车尾气排放和工业燃烧源.      

生物氧化提金废物处理及监控系统开发

生物氧化提金法可兼顾黄金资源合理利用及减少对环境的影响。在介绍生物细菌氧化提金工艺的基础上,对提高细菌浸金效果的主要影响因素及生物氧化生产过程中的废物处理进行分析,设计实现基于RS-485总线的分层分布式生物氧化提金监控系统。实践证明:该系统结构简明,运行可靠,便于其他类似项目借鉴和应用。     

生物滤床对净化槽处理生活污水水质的影响

构建了适合于家庭分散式小型多功能一体化生活污水净化槽,通过逐步在净化槽内添加好氧、厌氧生物滤床,测定了各区COD和氨氮的变化,研究了生物滤床对净化槽污水净化效果的影响。实验结果表明:随着净化槽各区生物滤床的加入,抗冲击性能逐步增强,处理效果明显提高,当各区都加入填料且运行稳定时,出水ρ(COD)和ρ(氨氮)的平均值分别为37.8 mg/L和9.64 mg/L,优于国家一级排放标准。     

常州市城市噪声自动监测系统建设与发展方向

相对手工监测而言,噪声自动监测更能真实反映城市声环境质量,随着自动监测技术的不断完善,环境噪声自动监测替代手工监测已成为必然趋势.重点介绍了常州市城市噪声自动监测系统,并对运行状况、存在问题及发展方法进行分析探讨.