冬季自然通风对住宅室内空气品质的改善性能评价

为获得理想的自然通风方式,以改善寒冷地区住宅冬季室内空气品质、营造舒适的室内环境,采用现场实测和理论分析相结合的方法,对冬季自然通风中的室内外环境参数进行了测试,得到了室外环境参数、人工调节方式对室内环境参数及空气品质的影响特征; 针对舒适与健康的双重要求是寒冷地区住宅冬季通风的主要矛盾这一特点,分别采用临界温度、热舒适性、排污效率、人工调节便捷性等指标对不同方案的通风性能进行了评价.结果表明,采用18 ℃的临界温度可保证采暖所需的热能最低值,同时也有利于抑制甲醛、氨等的释放及挥发速率; 各房间的热舒适性均满足相关规范要求,即本文所列举的这4种方案在执行过程中并没有牺牲房间的热舒适性,只是稍微有些偏凉.方案6的排污效率最高,为88%,方案8次之,方案3最低.这与方案6中两进风口关于回风口对称布置,室内平均空气龄最短有关; 4种方案具有相同的人工调节便捷性.综合各方面因素,方案6为本文最佳通风方案.     

基于人工神经网络理论的建筑物火灾安全评价研究

依据建筑物火灾危险性的影响因素,应用人工神经网络理论及系统安全方法,建立了建筑物火灾危险性的评价指标体系,该方法摆脱了评价过程中的随机性和参评人员主观上的不确定性及其认识上的模糊性等缺点,大大提高了准确性。为了验证评价模型的准确性,将该理论应用到某高校图书馆火灾危险性评价中,快速、准确地得到了安全评价结果,取得了满意效果,为建筑物防火设计以及安全管理提供了可行的依据。     

细水雾中雾滴和高温环境的热质交换研究

由雾滴的表面的组分方程和能量方程入手,探讨雾滴在静止的高温环境中的热质交换及生存时间。应用折算薄膜理论,通过特征时间的比较,提出雾滴与高温环境主要通过沸腾机制实现热质交换;考虑滴径与速度变化的耦合作用,应用数值方法研究雾滴在强迫对流环境中与高温环境的热质交换情况。结果表明:对于滴径较小的雾滴不可能达到火焰区或可燃物表面实施火焰冷却和表面冷却,其灭火作用主要依赖于汽化吸热。     

Different reaction mechanisms of diphenylether and 4-bromodiphenylether with nitrous acid in the 355 nm laser flash photolysis of mixed aqueous solution

The microscopic reaction mechanisms of diphenylether (DPE) and 4-bromodiphenylether (4-BrDPE) with nitrous acid (HNO(2)) in the absence of O(2) have been explored by the 355nm laser flash photolysis. It was proposed that OH radical, from the photolysis of HNO(2), added to DPE forms the C(12)H(10)O-OH adduct while added to 4-BrDPE forms the 4-BrDPE-OH and 4-BrOH-DPE adducts. The first-order decay rate constants of the C(12)H(10)O-OH adduct, 4-BrDPE-OH adduct and 4-BrOH-DPE adduct were measured to be (1.86+/-0.14)x10(5)s(-1), (2.19+/-0.04)x10(5)s(-1) and (1.56+/-0.03)x10(5)s(-1), respectively. The final photolysis products of DPE and HNO(2) identified by GC/MS analysis were phenol, o-hydroxydiphenylether, p-hydroxydiphenylether and p-nitrodiphenylether, while the final photolysis product of 4-BrDPE and HNO(2) identified by LC/MS analysis was mainly the dimer.     

室内火灾熄灭临界关系的理论分析

应用熄火热理论,对发生火灾时室内气体的得热和散热进行了详细分析,分别得到了在墙壁热惯性较高和热惯性较低两种情况下的临界熄火关系式.研究表明,墙壁热惯性较大时,室内气体通过墙壁和开口进行对流散热,室内气体得热量越大,或散热量越小,火灾愈难以熄灭;在墙壁热惯性较小时,室内气体只能通过开13与外界气体对流散热,因而室内火灾也更加难以控制.     

上海地区农业气象灾害监测警示系统的研究

上海地区农业气象灾害监不系统是以实时气象数据为基础,根据农业气象灾害指标进行了评判分析,反映了农业气象灾害,接着,基于Activex的Web/GIS平台展示灾害的分布,并通过Internet网络,提供了多用户服务。     

近岸海域水质目标考核评价方法研究

为满足《水污染防治行动计划》近岸海域水质考核要求,根据目前近岸海域环境监测工作的实际情况,在考核范围、评价方法、目标分解、计分方法等方面进行了比较,在保证公平、公正的前提下,以一致性、可比性和适应性为原则,提出的考核评价方法以单因子评价法和点位评价法为基础,在未达标情况下,按照水质目标完成比例计分;达标情况下,在达标分值基础上按水质的保持和改善给予不同程度的加分,通过实例研究分析能够适应近岸海域水质状况变化的考核工作要求。     

Nitrogen enrichment in runoff sediments as affected by soil texture in Beijing mountain area

Enrichment ratio (ER) is widely used in nonpoint source pollution models to estimate the nutrient loss associated with soil erosion. The objective of this study was to determine the ER of total nitrogen (ER_N) in the sediments eroded from the typical soils with varying soil textures in Beijing mountain area. Each of the four soils was packed into a 40 by 30 by 15 cm soil pan and received 40-min simulated rainfalls at the intensity of 90 mm h^?1 on five slopes. ER_N for most sediments were above unity, indicating the common occurrence of nitrogen enrichment accompanied with soil erosion in Beijing mountain area. Soil texture was not the only factor that influenced N enrichment in this experiment since the ER_N for the two fine-textured soils were not always lower. Soil properties such as soil structure might exert a more important influence in some circumstances. The selective erosion of clay particles was the main reason for N enrichment, as implied by the significant positive correlation between the ER of total nitrogen and clay fraction in eroded sediments. Significant regression equations between ER_N and sediment yield were obtained for two pairs of soils, which were artificially categorized by soil texture. The one for fine-textured soils had greater intercept and more negative slope. Thus, the initially higher ER_N would be lower than that for the other two soils with coarser texture once the sediment yield exceeded 629 kg ha^?1.     

贵州省部分地区土壤中酞酸酯类污染现状调查

对贵州省部分地区表层土壤中酞酸酯类的污染状况进行了调查。分别在遵义地区、黔南地区、黔东南地区和毕节地区采集483个土壤样品分析,结果表明,样品中酞酸酯总质量比(ΣPAEs)为未检出~8.22 mg/kg,均值为0.63 mg/kg。其中DEHP和DBP为主要污染物,均值分别为0.32 mg/kg和0.24 mg/kg,检出率分别为90.89%和97.10%。     

近岸海域水质自动监测系统站位的布设

水质自动监测将是近岸海域环境监测的一个发展趋势。通过分析现有近岸海域自动监测站在站点布设过程中的经验,对近岸海域自动监测系统站位的设置原则、技术要求、基本条件及注意事项等进行阐述,为后续近岸海域自动监测系统的建设提供参考依据。