阿特拉津在土壤中的生物降解研究

运用恒温培养法研究了阿特拉津在河北省白洋淀地区农田土壤中的生物降解动力学,并从中分离鉴定了土壤中降解阿特拉津的优势菌种,研究结果表明,该土壤对阿特拉津具有一定的降解能力,非生物＋生物的降解、非生物降解和生物降解的速率分别为０．０２６２ｄ＾－１,０．００５５４８ｄ＾－１和０．００８１９４ｄ＾－１,半衰期分别为２６ｄ,１２５ｄ和８５ｄ,发现土壤中降解阿特拉津的优势菌种为蜡状芽孢杆菌（Ｂａｃｉｌｌｕｓ     

单体同位素技术在有机环境污染中的研究进展

高分辨率色谱 同位素比值质谱(GC IRMS)技术的不断发展,使单体有机化合物的稳定同位素分析方法(CSIA)日趋成熟,并广泛应用于环境有机污染研究领域,成为有机污染物的来源判识和污染过程示踪的有力工具。目前的研究,主要集中在GC IRMS样品前处理技术、物理化学过程所导致的同位素分馏、不同有机化合物在生物降解过程中的同位素分馏过程诸方面,并初步应用于一些受污染环境的评价中。     

Identification of rice cultivars with low brown rice mixed cadmium and lead contents and their interactions with the micronutrients iron, zinc, nickel and manganese

Paddy fields in mining areas are usually co-contaminated by a cocktail of mixed toxic heavy metals (e.g., Cd and Pb in Pb/Zn mines). However, previous studies on rice cultivars screened for effective metal exclusion have mostly focused on individual metals, and have been conducted under pot-trial or hydroponic solution conditions. This study identified rice cultivars with both low Cd and Pb accumulation under Cd-and Pb-contaminated field conditions, and the interactions of the toxic elements Cd and Pb with the micronutrient elements Fe, Zn, Mn and Ni were also studied. Among 32 rice cultivars tested, there were significant differences in Cd (0.06-0.59 mg/kg) and Pb (0.25-3.15 mg/kg) levels in their brown rice, and similar results were also found for the micronutrient elements. Significant decreases in concentrations of Fe and Mn were detected with increasing Cd concentrations and a significant elevation in Fe, Mn and Ni with increasing Pb concentrations. A similar result was also shown by Cd and Ni. Three cultivars were identified with a combination of low brown rice Cd and Pb, high micronutrient and grain yield (Wufengyou 2168, Tianyou 196 and Guinongzhan). Present results suggest that it is possible to breed rice cultivars with low mixed toxic element (Cd, Pb) and high micronutrient contents along with high grain yields, thus ensuring food safety and quality.     

兰州市城区河道表层沉积物磁性特征研究

通过系统的环境磁学测定,分析了兰州市城区河道表层沉积物的磁学性质及其对城市污染的指示意义.结果表明,兰州市城区河道表层沉积物样品磁性特征以亚铁磁性矿物的磁铁矿为主导,同时存在少量赤铁矿和针铁矿贡献.根据参数χFD、χARM、χFD/MS和χARM/MS所指示的人为活动排放物对不同河段沉积物的贡献量将兰州市河流分为3类:末端集中型(排洪沟、寺儿沟、鱼儿沟、水磨沟),源头集中型(七里河、烂泥沟),影响较小型(罗锅沟、大沙沟).与有机质测量结果比较发现,兰州市河道沉积物样品有机质含量与超顺磁颗粒及单畴晶粒具有十分显著的正相关关系,说明了细颗粒磁性矿物对有机碳的富集作用,显示了超顺磁颗粒及单畴颗粒含量作为兰州市城区河道表层沉积物有机质含量的代用指标具有良好的指示意义.     

Robust magnetic laccase-mimicking nanozyme for oxidizing o-phenylenediamine and removing phenolic pollutants

In this study, we report a novel magnetic biomimetic nanozyme(Fe_3O_4@Cu/GMP(guanosine5′-monophosphate)) with high laccase-like activity, which could oxidize toxic ophenylenediamine(OPD) and remove phenolic compounds.The magnetic laccase-like nanozyme was readily obtained via complexed Cu~(2+)and GMP that grew on the surface of magnetic Fe_3O_4 nanoparticles.The prepared Fe_3O_4@Cu/GMP catalyst could be magnetically recycled for at least five cycles while still retaining above 70% activity.As a laccase mimic,Fe_3O_4@Cu/GMP had more activity and robust stability than natural laccase for the oxidization of OPD.Fe_3O_4@Cu/GMP retained about 90% residual activity at 90℃ and showed little change at pH 3–9, and the nanozyme kept its excellent activity after long-term storage.Meanwhile, Fe_3O_4@Cu/GMP had better activity for removing phenolic compounds, and the removal of naphthol was more than 95%.Consequently, the proposed Fe_3O_4@Cu/GMP nanozyme shows potential for use as a robust catalyst for applications in environmental remediation.     

化学解耦联剂对活性污泥工艺中污泥产率的影响

采用3,3′,4′,5-四氯水杨酰苯胺(TCS)作为代谢解耦联剂添加到活性污泥工艺中,连续曝气分批培养实验结果表明,TCS在浓度高于1.0mg/L时是一种有效的化学解耦联剂,能显著地降低污泥产率.当TCS浓度为6.0mg/L时,污泥产率可降低约50%.在40d的运行期间,隔天分别在3个反应器中添加TCS 2.0、2.8和3.6mg/L,基质的去除能力和出水氨氮及总氮浓度均未受影响,污泥的SOUR值和脱氢酶活性相应增加,污泥的沉降性能也未见有明显影响.镜检发现,对照反应器中的污泥经40d运行后仍有丝状菌存在,而添加解耦联剂反应器中的污泥几乎无丝状菌的存在.以上结果表明,可以应用TCS来降低活性污泥工艺中的剩余污泥产量.     

基于IPCC方法的区域牲畜温室气体排放研究——以沈阳市为例

由温室气体的过量排放而引起全球气候异常越来越得到国际社会的认可。甲烷和氧化亚氮是仅次于二氧化碳的重要温室气体,牲畜尤其是反刍动物的肠道发酵和粪便是甲烷和氧化亚氮的重要排放源。我国是畜牧业大国,牲畜的温室气体排放是我国农村地区的主要排放源之一。我国现已提倡发展低碳经济,走节能减排的发展道路。针对我国现状和区域特点编制牲畜温室气体排放清单对于我国实施低碳经济、调整畜牧业产业结构具有重要的参考价值。文章基于IPCC方法针对我国区域现状特点,以选取特征值的方法估算了2005-2009年沈阳市农村地区牲畜因肠道发酵和粪便管理而产生的温室气体并对5年间的温室气体排放情况作了比较分析,结果发现5年间由牲畜产生的温室气体是先升后降总体上升的趋势,2007年的排放量达到最高,为187.14万t;对于牲畜种类排放源的分析中,牛类、羊类、猪是温室气体排放的主要牲畜种类,而马、驴、骡、家禽及兔占据了较少的排放量;对于畜牧业产值的分析中发现,5年间沈阳市的畜牧业增长了79.5%,2007-2009年沈阳市的畜牧业逐渐走上了产业发展与温室气体排放脱钩的发展道路。     

HAZOP分析在常减压装置的应用及问题探讨

运用"HAZOP+LOPA+风险矩阵"复合式风险分析技术,对金陵分公司常减压装置进行危险辨识和风险分析,识别装置存在的主要问题和隐患,并对HAZOP技术应用中存在的适应性问题进行了探讨,对装置风险控制提出了针对性的建议措施,为装置的"安、稳、长、满、优"运行提供指导。     

臭氧氧化法深度处理生活垃圾焚烧厂沥滤液

采用臭氧氧化法对生活垃圾焚烧厂沥滤液经生化处理后的废水(称沥滤液生化处理水)进行深度处理。实验结果表明,COD降解速率随废水pH的提高明显增加,其中pH=10.5时的COD降解速率常数约为pH=4时的5.8倍。在臭氧投量为52.92 mg/min、pH=10.5的条件下反应70 min后,UV254和COD去除率分别达到84.7%和59.3%。向反应体系投加叔丁醇后COD去除率下降了约15%,由羟自由基氧化去除的COD占总COD去除量的26.7%。毒性实验结果表明,沥滤液生化处理水的96 h-EC50为38%,经臭氧氧化进一步处理后出水的96 h-EC50为77%,表明经臭氧深度处理后沥滤液生化处理水的毒性明显降低。     

Heavy metal contamination in a vulnerable mangrove swamp in South China

Concentrations of six heavy metals (Cu, Ni, Zn, Cd, Cr, and Pb) in sediments and fine roots, thick roots, branches, and leaves of six mangrove plant species collected from the Futian mangrove forest, South China were measured. The results show that both the sediments and plants in Futian mangrove ecosystem are moderately contaminated by heavy metals, with the main contaminants being Zn and Cu. All investigated metals showed very similar distribution patterns in the sediments, implying that they had the same anthropogenic source(s). High accumulations of the heavy metals were observed in the root tissues, especially the fine roots, and much lower concentrations in the other organs. This indicates that the roots strongly immobilize the heavy metals and (hence) that mangrove plants possess mechanisms that limit the upward transport of heavy metals and exclude them from sensitive tissues. The growth performance of propagules and 6-month-old seedlings of Bruguiera gymnorhiza in the presence of contaminating Cu and Cd was also examined. The results show that this plant is not sufficiently sensitive to heavy metals after its propagule stage for its regeneration and growth to be significantly affected by heavy metal contamination in the Futian mangrove ecosystem. However, older mangrove seedlings appeared to be more metal-tolerant than the younger seedlings due to their more efficient exclusion mechanism. Thus, the effects of metal contamination on young seedlings should be assessed when evaluating the risks posed by heavy metals in an ecosystem.