废弃线路板机械分离物中Ag、Pd分布特征研究

针对废弃线路板机械破碎分离产物中贵金属分布特征不明确的现状,以废弃手机和电脑主板为原材料,研究了分离产物中银(Ag)、钯(Pd)的分布规律。结果表明,经机械破碎分离后,Ag在手机和电脑主板金属分离物中的分配率为98.3%、97.6%,在非金属分离物中的分布为1.68%、2.45%,Pd在2类主板的金属分离物中的分配率均为100%。不同破碎颗粒中,Ag在手机主板金属分离物小颗粒(0.12 mm<Ф<0.85 mm)与大颗粒(Ф>0.85 mm)中的分配率为71.7%、26.6%,电脑主板相应为62.7%、34.7%;Pd在手机主板金属分离物2类颗粒中为52.6%、47.5%,电脑主板相应为44.8%、55.2%。在机械破碎过程中,板卡的外层铜箔容易成为小颗粒,而内层铜箔大部分形成大颗粒。物料平衡研究显示,Ag、Pd的回收率分别为96.5%～97.1%、97.3%～98.4%。     

适应性环境管理模式在大型赛事筹备中的应用（下）——应用实例

将适应性环境管理的模式应用于深圳第26届世界大学生夏季运动会生态环境保障工作,对生态环境保障总目标层层分解落实,由第三方评估机构对任务逐项跟踪管理,定期评估各部门绩效,根据外部条件和内部因素的变化对工作方案和阶段性目标进行动态调整,最大限度地降低了环境管理工作的不确定性。经过六个月的实践应用,大运赛事期间深圳市生态环境保障工作取得了十分显著的成效。     

近地面层湍流通量输送相似性及相干结构特征

利用2018年广东省环珠江口气候环境与空气质量变化野外科学观测研究站70 m气象塔上涡动协方差系统连续观测资料,对不同大气稳定度条件下近地面层相干结构的统计特征及其对湍流通量相似性的影响进行了初步研究.结果表明：(1)无量纲风速标准差(稳定、不稳定)和气温标准差(不稳定)遵循莫宁-奥布霍夫相似理论;(2)湍流速度(u、v、w)谱、温度(T)谱、CO₂和H₂O浓度谱在惯性副区均满足-2/3定律.w-T协谱、垂直速度(w)与标量(CO₂、H₂O)浓度的协谱(w-CO₂、w-H₂O)在惯性副区遵循-4/3定律;(3)不稳定条件下,热力湍流对H₂O和CO₂标量具有很好的输送作用,而以动量通量输送为代表的机械作用在弱不稳定条件下对H₂O和CO₂的输送效果最好;(4)上冲和下扫运动对湍流通量输送起主导作用,且随湍涡尺度的变化略有差异,湍流通量输送对大气层结的依赖性较弱.     

Measurement of atmospheric nanoparticles: Bridging the gap between gas-phase molecules and larger particles

Atmospheric nanoparticles are crucial components contributing to fine particulate matter(PM2.5), and therefore have significant effects on visibility, climate, and human health. Due to the unique role of atmospheric nanoparticles during the evolution process from gas-phase molecules to larger particles, a number of sophisticated experimental techniques have been developed and employed for online monitoring and characterization of the physical and chemical properties of atmospheric nanoparticles,...     

Low-temperature (NO + O2) adsorption performance of alkaline earth metal-doped C-FDU-15

To improve the removal capacity of NO + O₂ effectively, the alkaline earth metal-doped order mesoporous carbon (A-C-FDU-15(0.001) (A = Mg, Ca, Sr and Ba)) and Mg-C-FDU-15(x) (x = 0.001?0.003) samples were prepared, and their physicochemical and NO + O₂ adsorption properties were determined by means of various techniques. The results show that the sequence in (NO + O₂) adsorption performance was as follows: Mg-C-FDU-15(0.001) (93.2 mg/g) > Ca-C-FDU-15(0.001) (82.2 mg/g) > Sr-C-FDU-15(0.001) (76.1 mg/g) > Ba-C-FDU-15(0.001) (72.9 mg/g) > C-FDU-15 (67.1 mg/g). Among all of the A-C-FDU-15(0.001) samples, Mg-C-FDU-15(0.001) possessed the highest (NO + O₂) adsorption capacity (106.2 mg/g). The species of alkaline earth metals and basic sites were important factors determining the adsorption of NO + O₂ on the A-C-FDU-15(x) samples, and (NO + O₂) adsorption on the samples was mainly chemical adsorption. Combined with the results of (NO + O₂)-temperature-programmed desorption ((NO + O₂)-TPD) and in situ diffused reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS) characterization, we deduced that there were two main pathways of (NO + O₂) adsorption: one was first the conversion of NO and O₂ to NO₂ and then part of NO₂ was converted to NO₂^? and NO₃^?; and the other was the direct oxidation of NO to NO₂^? and NO₃^?.     

Occurrence, profiles, and ecotoxicity of poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances and their alternatives in global apex predators: A critical review

Certain poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) exhibit significant bioaccumulation/biomagnification behaviors in ecosystems. PFASs, such as perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorohexanesulfonic acid (PFHxS) and related precursors, have elicited attention from both public and national regulatory agencies, which has resulted in worldwide restrictions on their production and use. Apex predators occupy the top trophic positions in ecosystems and are most affected by the biomagnification behavior of PFASs. Meanwhile, the long lifespans of apex predators also lead to the high body burden of PFASs. The high body burden of PFASs might be linked to adverse health effects and even pose a potential threat to their reproduction. As seen in previous reviews of PFASs, knowledge is lacking between the current stage of the PFAS body burden and related effects in apex predators. This review summarized PFAS occurrence in global apex predators, including information on the geographic distribution, levels, profiles, and tissue distribution, and discussed the trophic transfer and ecotoxicity of PFASs. In the case where legacy PFASs were restricted under international convention, the occurrence of novel PFASs, such as 6:2 chlorinated polyfluorinated ether sulfonate (6:2 Cl-PFESA) and perfluoroethylcyclohexane sulfonate (PFECHS), in apex predators arose as an emerging issue. Future studies should develop an effective analytical method and focus on the toxicity and trophic transfer behavior of novel PFASs.     

政府-企业-居民协同共治的道路交通碳交易机制

根据道路交通碳排放的影响机理,提出同时把上游燃料供应企业、中游汽车生产企业、下游汽车使用者同时作为道路交通碳交易的责任主体,设计了政府-企业-居民协同共治的道路交通碳交易机制,包括碳配额总量设定、初始碳配额分配、行业基准设定、履约考核、市场交易以及监测报告核查等制度.通过案例与情景分析揭示了道路交通碳交易的多主体协同作用机理：在政府对于碳配额总量和行业基准的调控下,燃料供应企业将通过改变燃料成分来降低燃料排放因子;汽车生产企业将通过提高汽车燃油经济性和新能源汽车比例来降低汽车能耗强度;汽车使用者将通过减少车辆行驶里程降低交通需求或者购买使用新能源汽车.本文所提出的政府-企业-居民协同共治的道路交通碳交易机制,可以分别从上游、中游、下游促进道路交通碳排放的3个关键影响因素——燃料排放因子、汽车能耗强度、交通活动需求协同优化,能够有效控制道路交通温室气体排放增长,进而加速“碳达峰”的实现和“碳中和”的转型.     

Volatile organic compounds concentration profiles and control strategy in container manufacturing industry: Case studies in China

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs), important precursors of ozone (O₃) and fine particulate matter (PM_2.5), are the key to curb the momentum of O₃ growth and further reducing PM_2.5 in China. Container manufacturing industry is one of the major VOC emitters, and more than 96% containers of the world are produced in China, with the annual usage of coatings of over 200,000 tons in recent years. This is the first research on the emission characteristics of VOCs in Chinese container manufacturing industry, including concentration and ozone formation potential (OFP) of each species. The result shows that the largest amounts of VOCs are emitted during the pretreatment process, followed by the paint mixing process and primer painting process, and finally other sprays process. The average VOC concentrations in the workshops, the exhausts before treatment and the exhausts after treatment are ranging from 82.67–797.46 , 170–1,812.65 , 66.20–349.63 mg/m³, respectively. Benzenes, alcohols and ethers are main species, which contribute more than 90% OFP together. Based on the emission characteristics of VOCs and the technical feasibility, it is recommended to set the emission limit in standard of benzene to 1.0 mg/m³, toluene to 10 mg/m³, xylene to 20 mg/m³, benzenes to 40 mg/m³, alcohols and ethers to 50 mg/m³, and VOCs to 100 mg/m³. The study reports the industry emission characteristics and discusses the standard limits, which is a powerful support to promote VOCs emission reduction, and to promote the coordinated control of PM_2.5 and O₃ pollution.     

用于柔性板振动控制的压电陶瓷时效损伤性能研究

目的基于压电陶瓷的逆压电效应,以试验和仿真分析的方法研究压电陶瓷对某柔性板试验件振动控制的时效性能,为压电陶瓷如何保持长时间有效参与振动控制提供参考。方法搭建振动主动控制系统,实现柔性板的振动控制,以压电陶瓷驱动电压的降低模拟时效损伤。建立该结构的动力学有限元模型,并进行响应分析,以压电陶瓷产生的驱动力变小来模拟时效损伤。通过测定不同损伤程度的压电陶瓷参与振动控制前后的动响应,得到多种条件下的振动控制效率。结果当所有压电陶瓷的时效损伤程度均达到80%时,对某柔性板试验件的振动控制率降低为初始振动控制率的60.4%。基于试验与分析结果,评估多种条件下的振动控制率,得到了压电陶瓷时效损伤对柔性板振动控制的影响规律。结论压电陶瓷时效损伤对柔性板振动控制的影响可以用有限元仿真来模拟,压电陶瓷的时效损伤程度可通过调节它的驱动电压来进行测试。     

Estimation of Avian Influenza Viruses in Water Environments of Live Poultry Markets in Changsha,China, 2014 to 2018

Food and Environmental Virology - In routine surveillance for avian influenza viruses (AIVs) in the environments of live poultry markets (LPMs), certain samples were positive for AIVs type A while...