铝合金牺牲阳极深海应用性能研究

目的评价铝合金牺牲阳极在深海环境的电化学性能。方法通过利用中国船舶重工集团公司第七二五研究所深海试验技术和装置,原位测量三种铝合金牺牲阳极在南海1200 m深海环境的电化学性能。结果三种阳极在1200 m深海环境下的开路电位均在?1.17 V左右,工作电位在?1.11～?0.91 V范围内。1#和2#阳极的实际电容量小于2400A?h/kg,电流效率约为80%,表面存在明显的优先溶解和晶粒脱落现象,表面腐蚀产物有结壳现象发生。3#阳极的实际电容量约为2500A?h/kg,电流效率大于85%,表面微观溶解形貌相对均匀,但表面存在大面积未溶解区域,且腐蚀产物不易脱落。结论该研究结果为深海工程装备阴极保护设计提供了支撑。     

KMnO4-PAC对高原喀斯特湖库DOM的DBPsFP控制

以云贵高原典型喀斯特湖库红枫湖取水口溶解性有机质（DOM）为研究对象,调查不同组合方式下高锰酸钾-聚合氯化铝（KMnO₄-PAC）对消毒副产物的生成潜能（DBPsFP）变化和平均组成分布,并通过红外光谱（FTIR）和三维荧光光谱（3D-EEM）对部分样品进行化学表征,推断其影响机制.结果表明：在0.1,0.2,0.4mg/L KMnO₄投加量下,DBPsFP降低17.5~73%,DOM的卤代活性化学结构和官能团部分被有效钝化;PAC的网捕和卷扫效应使DBPsFP进一步减少27.9~86.1%,组合工艺对DBPs的生成潜能影响大小为：三卤甲烷（THM₄） > 卤乙酸（HAA₉） > 卤乙腈（HAN₄）/卤代酮（HK₂）/三氯硝基甲烷（TCNM）.FTIR的结果表明预氧化后3300cm^-1处的透过率降低,指纹区1000~1300cm^-1处的峰频提升,表明分子中的O-H、COOH和C-O官能团增加,共轭不饱和结构在KMnO₄作用下部分消失.3D-EEM验证了外源有机物（腐殖酸）在DOM中占比随KMnO₄浓度梯度升高而下降,同时类蛋白结构的吸收峰强度增加,说明最终DBPs贡献可能源于DOM中剩余的小分子类蛋白（氨基酸）.     

不同油相微乳液性质及其增溶菲的性能研究

以Tween 80为表面活性剂,正戊醇为助表面活性剂,3种不同的植物油（大豆油、棕仁油、葵花油）作为油相构建微乳相图,探究不同油相对微乳液性质的影响.制备了不同油相与表面活性剂质量比（O/S）的3种植物油基系列微乳液,并对比了它们对菲的增溶效果.结果表明,不同油相对微乳液的成相能力及稀释特性影响较大,其中棕仁油 > 葵花油 > 大豆油.3种油相微乳液在不同含水量下具有相似的电导率变化趋势且均为牛顿型流体.制备的3种植物油基系列微乳液对菲的增溶能力均随体系中油含量的增加而提高,其中大豆油基微乳液对菲的增溶效果最差,而棕仁油微乳液在O/S值为0.1时对菲的增溶效果最好,可达2.18g/L.     

Raman spectroscopy of diesel and gasoline engine-out soot using different laser power

We studied engine-out soot samples collected from a heavy-duty direct-injection diesel engine and port-fuel injection gasoline spark-ignition engine. The two types of soot samples were characterized using Raman spectroscopy with different laser powers. A Matlab program using least-square-method with trust-region-reflective algorithm was developed for curve fitting. A DOE (design of experiments) method was used to avoid local convergence. The method was used for two-band fitting and three-band fitting. The fitting results were used to determine the intensity ratio of D (for “Defect” or “Disorder”) and G (for “Graphite”) Raman bands. It is found that high laser power may cause oxidation of soot sample, which gives higher D/G intensity ratio. Diesel soot has consistently higher amorphous/graphitic carbon ratio, and thus higher oxidation reactivity, compared to gasoline soot, which is reflected by the higher D/G intensity ratio in Raman spectra measured under the same laser power.     

含磷物质与活性炭复配稳定土壤重金属研究

利用含磷物质、活性炭及两者复配组合对污染土壤中的重金属进行稳定化处理,根据稳定效率对稳定剂进行筛选,并分析稳定前后土壤重金属的生物有效性、赋存形态变化。结果表明:经磷矿粉+5%煤基活性炭稳定7 d后,土壤中Pb、Zn、Cu、Cd稳定效率分别达75.85%、61.03%、52.80%、49.92%,土壤重金属的DTPA和PBET生物有效态均降低。BCR形态分级实验表明:该复合稳定剂对土壤重金属的稳定化效应较好,重金属的酸可提取态均有所减少,转化为其他难以分解转移的形态。结果表明,磷矿粉和煤基活性炭可作为资源回收利用,应用于土壤重金属污染修复。     

Screening hydroxyapatite for cadmium and lead immobilization in aqueous solution and contaminated soil: The role of surface area

Hydroxyapatite (HAP) has been widely used to immobilize many cationic metals in water and soils. The specific reason why an increase in the surface area of HAP enhances cadmium (Cd) uptake, but has no effect on lead (Pb) uptake, is not clear. The aim of this study was to determine the factors causing the differences in sorption behavior between Cd and Pb by evaluating HAPs with different surface areas. We synthesized HAPs with two different surface areas, which were characterized by X-ray diffraction, N₂ adsorption, and scanning electron microscopy, and then evaluated them as sorbents for Cd and Pb removal by testing in single and binary systems. The sorption capacity of large surface area HAP (1.85 mmol/g) for Cd in the single-metal system was higher than that of small surface area HAP (0.64 mmol/g), but there were no differences between single- and binary-metal solutions containing Pb. After the Cd experiments, the HAP retained a stable structure and intact morphology, which promotes the accessibility of reactive sites for Cd. However, a newly formed precipitate covered the surface and blocked the channels in the presence of Pb, which reduced the number of potential adsorption sites on HAP for Cd and Pb. Remediation experiments using Cd- and Pb-contaminated soil produced similar results to the solution tests. These results indicate that alterations of the structure and morphology during the reaction is an important factor influencing metal sorption to HAP.     

Spatio-temporal variation of landfill gas in pilot-scale semi-aerobic and anaerobic landfills over 5 years

Variation of CH₄, CO₂, and O₂ concentrations in layers of different depths in semi-aerobic and anaerobic landfills was analyzed over a period of 5 years. The results showed that most of the municipal solid waste became basically stable after 5 years of landfill disposal. In the upper and middle layer, the concentration of CH₄ in the semi-aerobic landfill was significantly lower than that in the anaerobic landfill in different landfill periods, while in the lower layer, there was little difference in the CH₄ concentration between the semi-aerobic and anaerobic landfills. The average concentration of CH₄ and CO₂ in the anaerobic landfill was always higher than that in the semi-aerobic landfill, while the O₂ concentration showed an opposite variation in different landfill periods. This was related to the aerobic reaction of landfill waste around the perforated pipe in the semi-aerobic landfill, which inhibited effective landfill gas generation.     

飞溅区挂样位置、高度对钢腐蚀的影响

目的研究飞溅区挂样位置、高度对钢腐蚀的影响。方法采用海水飞溅区暴露试验。结果在青岛和三亚获得了5种钢在飞溅区暴露的腐蚀结果。结论在不同海域试验地点的飞溅区暴露,因环境条件不同,钢的飞溅区范围区间有较大差别,腐蚀速率峰值相对平均高潮位的高度也不同。在同一试验地点,暴露位置、条件的不同都会使钢的飞溅区范围区间及腐蚀速率峰值的高度不同。     

海洋工程用新型牺牲阳极设计与性能研究（Ⅱ）——小尺寸阳极实海试验研究

目的设计一种新型牺牲阳极,满足海洋工程钢结构阴极保护不同时期保护电流需求,达到节约牺牲阳极用量的目的。方法通过改变常规阳极面积与质量比,分别设计面积相同和质量相同的新型阳极和常规阳极,并进行实海环境阴极保护对比试验。结果质量与常规阳极相同的新型阳极,初期发生电流增加22%,试验阶段发生电流增加48%;面积与常规阳极相同的新型阳极,在节约阳极质量近50%的基础上,显现了与常规阳极相近的发生电流。结论通过增加常规阳极面积与质量比,降低接水电阻,增加发生电流设计思路可行。     

国外化学品环境管理中关于商业保密信息的实践及其对中国的借鉴

化学品环境管理实践中,化学品危害特性和暴露评估相关数据涉及的化学品所有者的商业保密信息(CBI)是管理部门和企业重点关注的焦点之一.通过信息的公布,可以让公众了解化学品的有毒有害特性,提前防范其环境和健康风险,实现管理目标,但同时也可能影响化学品企业的商业利益、竞争地位和技术优势,损害企业的利益.美国和欧盟的化学品管理法规均对CBI提出了规定和要求,其管理实践对完善中国化学品环境管理中保密信息的管理具有积极的借鉴意义.