广东省春节期间空气质量特征及预报方法研究

2017年春节期间广东省环境空气质量自动监测站的数据分析结果表明:春节假期广东省空气质量等级变化较大.除夕全省空气质量为良;初一,全省以良和轻度污染为主,粤东出现重度污染,粤西和粤北出现中度污染,可能与除夕夜烟花爆竹燃放有关;初二起,全省空气质量逐渐转为优良.首要污染物以PM2.5和O3为主.现有的NAQPMS和CMAQ空气质量预报模型在污染相对严重的初一表现较差,主要是因为数值模型未能考虑到烟花爆竹燃放等排放源的输入.     

天津成人头发指甲中有机氟污染物的残留特征

为探究头发指甲中有机氟污染物的残留特征及分布规律,应用循环中子活化与液质联用相结合的方法研究了天津成人发甲样品中的总氟(total fluorine,TF)、可萃取的有机氟(extractable organic fluorine,EOF)和全氟化合物(perfluorinatedchemicals,PFCs)的残留水平.结果表明头发、指甲中TF以无机氟(均值:2.0 mg·kg-1,4.5 mg·kg-1)为主,EOF(均值:0.7mg·kg-1,1.8 mg·kg-1)为辅;头发、指甲中可鉴别的F(均值:0.038 mg·kg-1,0.047 mg·kg-1)分别占其EOF的7.1%(2.6%～16%)和3.5%(1.1%～11%),显示84%以上的EOF仍属未知.发甲中PFCs残留主要为中、短链PFCs,其中全氟辛烷磺酸、全氟辛酸、全氟壬酸为其主要残留种态.染烫头发中TF、EOF、可鉴别F均显著高于非染烫头发(P<0.05),但发甲中ΣPFCs残留未见性别间显著性差异.指甲中ΣPFCs和典型残留PFOS均极显著高于头发(P<0.01),是较头发更灵敏的指示人体PFCs暴露水平潜在的生物指示物.     

黄磷储罐火灾临界安全距离理论分析与数值模拟

基于建筑防火隔离带的设计理念,研究了黄磷储罐临界安全距离的计算方法,将黄磷储罐火灾简化为罐内池火模型,通过理论计算和数值模拟黄磷储罐火灾周边热辐射分布,根据目标可燃物接受到的临界辐射通量是否大于或等于10 kW/m2来确定临界安全距离。研究表明：临界安全距离可通过火焰对目标可燃物接受到的临界辐射通量求得,且理论计算和数值模拟计算获得的临界安全距离基本一致。对于黄磷储罐火灾的防治具有一定的参考价值。     

黄磷燃烧特性实验研究与理论分析

基于黄磷燃烧特性实验,对黄磷燃烧的动力学现象进行了实验研究和理论分析。通过观察不同燃烧表面积的黄磷燃烧动力学现象,获得了黄磷的燃烧特性参数,并利用池火模型对黄磷燃烧实验进行了理论分析。研究结果表明：固定表面积的黄磷燃烧时,黄磷的质量损失速率可近似视为某一恒定值,黄磷的质量损失速率与燃烧表面积有关。黄磷燃烧实验火焰最高温度约为1000℃,火焰高度与燃烧表面积有关。池火模型可以对黄磷的燃烧特性参数进行预测和分析,池火模型所预测的火焰高度与实验数据基本相吻合,相对误差小于7％。     

基于模糊方法的电除尘器火花率模型的研究

研究静电除尘器火花跟踪控制方式在不同煤种中的最佳火花率问题.火花率、燃煤灰分与除尘效率之间的关系非常复杂,难以建立精确的数学模型.利用模糊理论解决不同煤种对电除尘器最佳火花率的影响问题,根据实际的应用经验建立了由电场火花率、燃煤灰分决定电除尘器除尘效率的模糊关系.仿真结果表明,所采用的方法能根据不同煤种的变化找到电场的...     

北京市郊污灌区镉、铜在小麦中的富集特征

为探讨污灌农田重金属Cd、Cu在小麦中的迁移富集特征及对人类健康的安全性影响,选取北京城郊污灌区17块代表性小麦(Triticum aestivum)样地,运用BCR顺序提取法和高分辨电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(HR-ICP-MS)测定了土壤中Cd、Cu不同化学形态质量比和土壤及小麦根、茎、颖壳、籽粒中消解态全量.结果表明,污灌土壤中Cd、Cu质量比均值分别为0.25mg·kg-1和26.67 mg·kg-1,高于北京土壤元素背景值,已出现积累现象.小麦植株各组织中中Cd质量比从大到小为:根(210.09 μg·kg-1)、茎(100.19 μg·kg-1)、颖壳(60.71μg·kg-1)、籽粒(38.33 μg·kg-1).植株地上部分Cd质量比的加权平均值为52.62 μg·kg-1.Cu质量比从大到小为:根(9.47mg·kg-1)、籽粒(6.03mg·kg-1)、茎(3.53 mg·kg-1)、颖壳(2.94mg·kg-1).植株地上部分Cu质量比的加权平均值为5.30mg·kg-1.Cd、Cu富集系数(BCF)分别为0.38和0.27,转移系数(TI)分别为0.25和0.69.土壤中Cd酸提取态(生物有效态)比例和风险评价(RAC)值显著高于Cu.小麦Cd和Cu的有效性系数(BEC)均值分别为0.18和0.28,表明Cu向地上部分转移能力强于Cd,Cu容易被小麦籽粒吸收;小麦籽粒中Cd、Cu最大质量比分别为0.125mg·kg-1和15.48 mg·kg-1,高于食品中污染物限量标准值25%和50%,应对食品安全给予更多关注.从保证粮食安全性角度出发,建议选择种植有效性系数较低的作物品种(如玉米、豆类),以减少重金属向食物链的迁移.     

三峡库区湖北段工业源污染负荷与预测

针对三峡库区工业源污染排放量大,对库区水生态环境安全危害大的特点,以库区湖北段工业源为研究对象,采用实际监测和企业申报监测数据方式,辅以排污系数计算方法,统计分析了1995-2007年工业废水量和主要污染物COD的排放量,并采用灰色-马尔柯夫链模型预测2008-2020年的污染负荷.结果表明,自2005年以后,工业废水的排放量呈现逐渐下降的趋势,在2007年达到1 857.13万t,2008年以后逐渐增加.COD的排放量总体呈逐渐下降的趋势,只是在2001年出现上升,到2007年底COD的排放量为611.21 t.随着工业源污染物全防全控的加强,预计工业污染负荷会逐步减少.     

黄磷燃烧特性的试验研究

研究了不同试验条件下,黄磷的燃烧速率、火焰高度、温度、热辐射通量等特性,并对采集的试验数据进行整理.结果表明:黄磷燃烧速率与容器面积正相关,面积越大,燃烧速率越大;黄磷燃烧的火焰脉动现象很明显,不同的试验条件,脉动程度存在差异,并对此给出了理论阐述;黄磷燃烧时90％以上的热量以对流的形式向外传递,热辐射只占很小一部分.     

Distribution and chemical partitioning of heavy metals in marine near-shore sediment cores: a case study from the Xugou, Lianyungang, China

The concentrations and chemical partitioning of heavy metals (Co, Cr, Ni, Zn, Cu, and Pb) in the marine near-shore sediment cores were investigated. Typically, the mean concentrations from Core B sediment samples were 98.6, 21.1, 47.0, 46.4, 107.6, and 31.9 mg kg^???1 for Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, and Pb, respectively. The heavy metal concentrations were normalized to commonly used reference elements Al, Li, Sc, and total organic carbon. Based on Pearson coefficients, Li was found to be a good normalizer for Co (r?= 0.974), Cr (r?= 0.967), Ni (r?= 0.898), and Zn (r?= 0.929) in 80 sediment samples from three sampling sites. However, the correlation coefficients between Li and Cu, and Li and Pb were relatively low. Multivariate statistic approaches (Principal Component Analysis and Cluster Analysis) were adopted for data treatment, allowing the identification of two main factors controlling the heavy metal variability in the sediments. Heavy metals in the enrichment sections were evaluated by a sequential extraction method for possible chemical forms in sediments. The results showed that the residual, Fe/Mn oxides and Organic/sulfide fractions were dominant geochemical phases in the enriched sections, indicating low bioavailability of heavy metals in sediments.     

Support of sustainable management of nitrogen contamination due to septic systems using numerical modeling methods

Nitrogen contamination is a serious concern to sustainable environmental management, and one important source of nitrogen contaminant is due to wastewater treatment using onsite sewage treatment and disposal systems (OSTDS, a.k.a., septic systems). This paper presents a study in which numerical modeling is used to support sustainable decision-making and management of nitrogen contamination by utilizing a recently developed GIS-based software, VZMOD, a Vadose Zone MODel for simulating nitrogen transformation and transport in vadose zone between drainfield of septic systems and water table. VZMOD is based on a physical model of unsaturated flow and nitrogen transformation and transport, and the model is solved numerically using the finite element methods. This is the major difference between VZMOD and other GIS-based software of nitrogen modeling. Using GIS techniques, VZMOD considers spatial variability of a number of hydrogeologic parameters such as hydraulic conductivity and porosity. A unique feature of VZMOD is that VZMOD addresses spatial variability of water table by using VZMOD together with ArcNLET, an ArcGIS-based software developed to simulate groundwater flow and nitrate load from septic systems to surface water bodies. VZMOD is designed to execute in different modes to be compatible with different levels of data availability in various management projects of nitrogen contamination. This paper presents an application of VZMOD at a neighborhood with hundreds of septic systems and heterogeneous hydraulic conductivity, porosity, and water table depth. The modeling results indicate that using septic systems at the considered neighborhood is unsustainable and more management means are necessary.