Regulating non-precious transition metal nitrides bifunctional electrocatalysts through surface/interface nanoengineering for air-cathodes of Zn-air batteries

Zn-air batteries (ZABs), especially the secondary batteries, have engrossed a great interest because of its high specific energy, economical and high safety. However, due to the insufficient activity and stability of bifunctional electrocatalysts for air-cathode oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) processes, the practical application of rechargeable ZABs is seriously hindered. In the effort of developing high active, stable and cost-effective electrocatalysts, transition metal nitrides (TMNs) have been regarded as the candidates due to their high conductivity, strong corrosion-resistance, and bifunctional catalytic performance. In this paper, the research progress in TMNs-based material as ORR and OER electrocatalysts for ZABs is discussed with respect to their synthesis, chemical/physical characterization, and performance validation/optimization. The surface/interface nanoengineering strategies such as defect engineering, support binding, heteroatom introduction, crystal plane orientation, interface construction and small size effect, the physical and chemical properties of TMNs-based electrocatalysts are emphasized with respect to their structures/morphologies, composition, electrical conductivity, specific surface area, chemical stability and corrosion resistance. The challenges of TMNs-based materials as bifunctional air-cathode electrocatalysts in practical application are evaluated, and numerous research guidelines to solve these problems are put forward for facilitating further research and development.     

Temporal and spatial evolution characteristics of sunshine duration over Qinghai-Tibet Plateau from 1961 to 2020北大核心CSCD

Based on observation data of daily sunshine duration from 1961 to 2020 at 175 meteorological observation stations over Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and its surrounding areas, spatial transformation analysis, climate trend analysis and M-K mutation test were used to analyze the temporal and spatial variation characteristics of the seasonal and annual sunshine duration in the region in the last 60 years. The results show that (1) annual average sunshine duration was 2 323 h, the maximum was 3 487 h in Gaer, Tibet, and the minimum was 771 h in Ya'an, Sichuan. The high-value areas were mostly located in western Tibet, northern Qinghai, western Gansu, and Xinjiang, and the low-value areas were mostly located in Nyingchi in Tibet, the mountainous area on the western edge of the Sichuan Basin, and northwestern Yunnan. The highest sunshine duration was recorded in winter (631 h), and the lowest was recorded in autumn (555 h) among the four seasons. (2) The average decrease in annual sunshine duration was 10.27 h/10 a. The largest rates of decrease were mainly in Gannan of Gansu and Ganzi of Sichuan, with the largest rate of decrease of 130 h/10 a. The areas with large rates of increase were mainly in Hotan area of Xinjiang, Liangshan of Sichuan and Lhasa of Tibet, with the largest increase of 61 h/10 a. Among the four seasons, spring exhibited an upward trend, and the remainder exhibited a downward trend. (3) Before 2017, the annual sunshine duration increased but declined after 2017. Spring sunshine duration had the largest number of mutation years, and the earliest mutation time was 1963. Winter had the fewest number of mutation years and the latest mutation time occurred in 2015. In summary, the annual and seasonal sunshine duration of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau vary greatly in space, but with the general characteristics of more sunshine in the northwest and less in the southeast, and sunshine hours were mainly decreasing, with 2017 as a mutation point of annual sunshine duration. Most areas of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau have great potential for photosynthetic production and are suitable for the development of light-loving plants and high-density planting. Shade-loving or shade-tolerant plants, including tea, are suitable for development in remote mountainous areas with low sunshine values in the western part of the basin, including Ya’an, Sichuan, and other areas, such as Medog, Tibet. © 2022 Science Press. All rights reserved.     

PCDD/F removal at low temperatures over vanadium-based catalyst: insight into the superiority of mechanochemical method

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - The high toxicity and low volatility of PCDD/Fs prevent detailed study of their catalytic degradation removal characteristics. In this study,...     

气相色谱-质谱法快速筛查气态制冷剂产品中的热点管控类卤代烃

建立了利用气相色谱-质谱法快速筛查气态制冷剂产品中的10种热点管控类卤代烃的分析方法。采用气密性微量注射器对气态制冷剂样品进行取样,刺透瓶盖隔垫加入到顶空瓶中,自动进样;以GS-GasPro(多孔层开管,60 m×0.32 mm)为色谱柱,采用电子轰击离子源,全扫描模式采集。测试结果显示:目标物的体积分数在0.50%~100.00%范围内,相对响应因子的相对标准偏差(RSD)均小于20%;线性相关系数r均在0.999以上;检出限(3.143倍标准偏差)为0.01%~0.05%。对实际样品进行加标回收,回收率为79.5%~102%,测定值RSD为0.5%~3.1%。该方法可为快速、准确、批量筛查气态制冷剂产品中的多种热点管控类卤代烃提供技术支撑。     

香菇废弃物包埋方法优化及对锌的吸附热力学动力学研究

为寻找1种高效且价格低廉含Zn²⁺废水的生物吸附剂,资源化利用香菇废弃物,以聚乙烯醇（PVA）、海藻酸钠（SA）包埋香菇残粉制成PVA-SA香菇小球。进行了以PVA、SA、香菇残粉、一次交联时间、磷酸盐浓度、二次交联时间为影响因素的6因素3水平正交实验来确定包埋香菇的最优方案,得到PVA-SA包埋香菇最佳配方是8%PVA+2%SA+3%香菇残粉,在质量分数为2%CaCl₂饱和硼酸中一次交联12 h后,在质量浓度为3 g/L磷酸盐溶液中交联8 h。最佳香菇小球对Zn²⁺平衡吸附时间为1 h,伪二级动力学模型能很好地拟合包埋香菇对Zn²⁺的吸附动力学过程,相关系数R²为0.999 5,速率参数k₂为0.395 2 g/（mg·min）。Langmuir和Freundlich模型都能较好地描述Zn²⁺的等温吸附过程,Langmuir吸附等温模型推算出在20、30、40℃时香菇小球对Zn²⁺的最大吸附量为5.82、7.5...     

中国的地震海啸及其预警服务

本文概述中国历史上地震海啸的发生情况,讨论了中国受远洋地震海啸影响的可能性,重点介绍了1992年初发生在海南岛近海的,首次由仪器记录到的极为鲜见的一次地震海啸,最后叙述了目前中国地震海啸预警的作业力式。     

企业清洁生产应把握的关键环节

清洁生产改变了过去工业污染“末端治理”的传统模式,合理有效地使用原材料和能源,减少工业污染的产生和排放,已成为世界各国实施可持续发展战略的主要措施和可持续发展的优先领域。当前,全国各企业正纷纷开展清洁生产工作,文章结合工作实际,分析了企业开展清洁生产工作应该着重把握的6个关键环节。     

松涛水库生态清洁流域的建设构想

近年来水源地污染日益严重，已影响到人类的生活、生产用水安全。海南省松涛水库目前也同样面临水源污染、生态环境破坏等一系列问题。且亟待解决。通过分析松涛水库生态环境质量状况。应用生态系统健康理论、复合生态系统理论以及流域生态学等原理。分析了生态清洁流域的概念及其内涵，把生态清洁流域定义为具有相对稳定、物质能量流平衡、功能持续而健康的生态系统，并可向人类提供正常的生态服务和实现特定水源保护功能的流域区域。为了能够持续获得正常的生态服务和实现特定水源保护功能，应当通过生态修复、生态治理和生态保护等方法创建生态清洁流域。生态清洁流域的建设构想是流域水资源保护规划新的思路和理论尝试。依据松涛水库的实地情况。提出相应的措施，有助于松涛水库水资源保护工作的开展，同时也为同类研究提供借鉴的实例。     

土壤中砷的污染控制技术研究

土壤砷污染修复是世界性的难题,日益受到人们的密切关注。本文阐述了土壤砷污染的现状、危害及其来源,探讨土壤砷污染的传统物理化学和生物修复技术的研究现状及特点的同时,重点阐述了纳米材料修复技术,尤其是纳米铁技术,并对土壤砷污染修复研究方向进行了展望。     

木霉制剂对海州香薷生长和铜吸收的影响

将里氏木霉FS10-C用苜蓿粉发酵制成固体木霉制剂.采用温室盆栽试验,研究在外源铜浓度为0,100,200,400mg/kg的土壤上,施加木霉制剂对海州香薷生长和铜吸收的影响.结果表明:施加木霉制剂后,除400mg/kg外源铜浓度土壤上地上部干重外,海州香薷生物量在各外源铜浓度土壤上均呈增加趋势.施加木霉制剂的各外源铜浓度土壤NH4OAc提取态铜含量均显著高于空白组(P<0.05),且除100mg/kg外源铜土壤上地上部外,海州香薷铜积累量均呈增加趋势.其中地上部积累量在200和400mg/kg外源铜土壤上均差异显著(P<0.05),根积累量在100mg/kg外源铜土壤上差异显著(P<0.05),总积累量在100和400mg/kg外源铜土壤上均差异显著(P<0.05).可见,里氏木霉FS10-C制剂可通过促进植物生长和提高土壤铜的植物有效性而提高海州香薷对铜的吸收能力,是一种颇具研发潜力的生物修复剂.