粉煤灰的改性、成型及深度除磷应用

选择合适的改性剂对粉煤灰进行改性,通过有机高分子交联方法对改性粉煤灰进行成型处理,并采用静态吸附法评价改性粉煤灰的深度除磷效果。采用1 g氢氧化铝改性粉煤灰处理100 mL磷质量浓度为10.0 mg/L的模拟废水,磷去除率可达99.70％,处理后模拟废水中磷质量浓度低于0.50 mg/L, 达到GB8978-1996《污水综合排放标准》。成型处理可提高粉煤灰的沉降速率,改善灰水分离效果。经超声再生后的成型氢氧化铝改性粉煤灰的磷去除率仍可达67.9％。     

电动力学作用下多溴联苯醚在土壤中的迁移特性

以4,4′-二溴联苯醚(BDE-15)为研究对象,探讨了电极电压、初始土壤pH、β-环糊精加入量、NaCl加入量等工艺条件对多溴联苯醚在土壤中迁移效果的影响。实验结果表明:在电极电压为5~15V范围内,随着电极电压的升高,土壤中BDE-15的迁移效果增强;初始土壤为酸性时、加入β-环糊精或NaCl后,土壤中BDE-15的迁移效果均增强。本实验选择的最佳工作条件为:电极电压15V,初始土壤pH3,β-环糊精的加入量3g,NaCl加入量5g。     

Effects of alkaline and bioorganic amendments on cadmium,lead, zinc,and nutrient accumulation in brown rice and grain yield in acidic paddy fields contaminated with a mixture of heavy metals

Paddy soils and rice (Oryza sativa L.) contaminated by mixed heavy metals have given rise to great concern. Field experiments were conducted over two cultivation seasons to study the effects of steel slag (SS), fly ash (FA), limestone (LS), bioorganic fertilizer (BF), and the combination of SS and BF (SSBF) on rice grain yield, Cd, Pb, and Zn and nutrient accumulation in brown rice, bioavailability of Cd, Pb, and Zn in soil as well as soil properties (pH and catalase), at two acidic paddy fields contaminated with mixed heavy metals (Cd, Pb, and Zn). Compared to the controls, SS, LS, and SSBF at both low and high additions significantly elevated soil pH over both cultivation seasons. The high treatments of SS and SSBF markedly increased grain yields, the accumulation of P and Ca in brown rice and soil catalase activities in the first cultivation season. The most striking result was from SS application (4.0 t ha^?1) that consistently and significantly reduced the soil bioavailability of Cd, Pb, and Zn by 38.5–91.2 % and the concentrations of Cd and Pb in brown rice by 20.9–50.9 % in the two soils over both cultivation seasons. LS addition (4.0 t ha^?1) also markedly reduced the bioavailable Cd, Pb, and Zn in soil and the Cd concentrations in brown rice. BF remobilized soil Cd and Pb leading to more accumulation of these metals in brown rice. The results showed that steel slag was most effective in the remediation of acidic paddy soils contaminated with mixed heavy metals.     

泡沫镍负载La3+-TiO2催化剂对苯的可见光降解

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了掺杂La³⁺的TiO₂（La³⁺-TiO₂）,并负载于泡沫镍上,制得泡沫镍负载La³⁺-TiO₂催化剂。采用XRD、DSC、荧光发射光谱以及SEM方法进行了表征分析。研究了泡沫镍负载La³⁺-TiO₂催化剂在可见光下对苯的降解效果,并对苯的光催化降解动力学特性进行了分析。实验结果表明：在最佳焙烧温度和焙烧时间分别为400 ℃和1 h的条件下,La³⁺-TiO₂的晶相主要为锐钛矿型;负载后,La³⁺-TiO₂颗粒填充于泡沫镍的空洞中,比表面积增加,光催化活性得以提高;在不同初始苯质量浓度和催化剂使用次数条件下,苯的降解率不同,最高可达92.9 %;光催化降解过程遵循拟一级动力学规律。     

Spatial variations of concentrations of copper and its speciation in the soil-rice system in Wenling of southeastern China

Copper (Cu) is one of the essential elements for plant growth, while excessive Cu in soils has potential environmental risks. There is little information on spatial variation of Cu in practical paddy fields. This is now important for appropriate agricultural management. The spatial patterns of Cu, its fractions in soils, and its concentrations in rice were investigated in a typical rice production region—Wenling of southeastern China. A total of 96 pairs of rice grain and soil samples (0–15 cm) were collected. The total concentration of Cu and its fractions were very variable, with large skewness, kurtosis, and coefficient of variation (CV) values. Compared to the guideline value (50 mg kg^?1), Cu pollution in paddy fields was observed in the study area. All the measured Cu concentrations in rice were lower than 10 mg kg^?1, suggesting that they remained at a safe level. Spatial analyses including Moran’s I index and geostatistics results indicated that high-high spatial patterns for both Cu in soils and rice were found in the northwest part, which was mainly related to industrial and E-waste dismantling activities. The low-low spatial patterns of Cu in the soil-rice system were located in the south part of study area. The cross-correlogram results indicated that Cu concentration in rice was significantly spatially correlated with total Cu in soils, its fractions, and soil organic matter (SOM), but significantly negatively correlated with pH and electrical conductivity (EC). Most of the selected variables had a clear spatial correlation range with Cu in rice. The ranges of significant spatial correlation (p?<?0.05) could be obtained and further used for dividing agricultural management zones.     

燃料乙醇行业环境污染控制评价指标体系的构建

在分析我国燃料乙醇行业基本信息的基础上,根据其原料特性、生产规模、生产技术、污染控制措施、环境管理等方面的特点,筛选出合适的指标,构建多层次燃料乙醇行业环境污染控制评价指标体系。运用层次分析法确定指标权重分值,建立燃料乙醇行业环境污染控制评价模型,并选取国内燃料乙醇典型企业进行调研,结合行业现状对该指标体系做出合理性和可行性分析。     

基于区间直觉模糊集的水资源配置群决策研究

水资源问题是我国面临的重要资源与环境问题。流域水资源配置的有效性缺失也使水资源问题进一步恶化,而水资源配置过程中大量不确定信息也使高效决策问题更加困难。基于区间直觉模糊群决策的水资源配置方案优化方法,分析了水资源系统作为复杂系统的特殊性和区间直觉模糊理论在群决策中应用的优势,利用区间模糊数来表达专家判断信息,提高了流域水资源配置方案的合理性。通过多个水资源领域专家的群体决策,从流域水资源可持续利用评价视角出发,针对流域的社会、经济、资源、环境等多个因素进行判断,利用IIWAA算子进行群体意见集成,最后根据流域指标与理想点逼近点的距离对流域水资源配置方案排序。通过赣抚平原灌区内的用水区域在不同方案情景下的水资源可持续利用实例分析表明,该方法能够比较准确地评估出流域水资源配置方案的可持续性,为流域的水资源配置方案制定提供有效合理的决策支持     

热解温度对污泥生物炭的表面特性及重金属安全性的影响

以一套中试干燥热解一体化处理设备,采用热解工艺,在300~600℃范围内对污水处理厂产生的剩余污泥进行了批处理,得到了系列污泥生物炭产品,并对其表面电荷、FT-IR图谱等进行了测试,对污泥及生物炭的重金属总量和DTPA可提取态进行了比较分析。研究表明,热解温度会影响生物炭表面电荷分布,而且在400℃时表面电荷分布最均匀。经热解反应后,污泥中的重金属总量虽然得到了一定程度的富集,但Pb,Zn,Cu,Fe和Mn 5种重金属的DTPA-可提取态的含量大幅度降低,因此,污泥生物炭中的重金属被惰性化,降低了环境风险。     

一种除臭复合菌剂的功能菌鉴定

根据微生物之间协同关系的微生态理论筛选、组合获得一种由6株功能菌组成的除臭复合菌剂,该复合菌剂对粪便原位除臭效果良好,对综合恶臭的平均去除率为54.97%,最大去除率为72.95%。通过16 S r DNA、18S r DNA和26S r DNA D1/D2区序列同源性分析,菌剂中的6种微生物为罗伦隐球酵母菌(Cryptococcus laurentii)、Bacillus safensis、枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)、卷枝毛霉(Mucor circinelloides)、发酵乳杆菌(Lactobacillus fermentum)和沼泽红假单胞菌(Rhodopseudomonas palustris),鉴定结果表明,复合菌剂中有酵母菌、芽孢杆菌、霉菌、乳酸菌及光合菌,这些功能菌属于当前生物除臭复合菌剂中的主流菌群。     

不同类型环境规制对企业技术创新影响比较研究

波特假说提出后,引发了大量关于环境规制对企业技术创新影响的实证研究,但是少有文献提及不同类型环境规制对企业技术创新的影响,且较少涉及环境规制对企业技术创新的非线性作用。本文基于费用型环境规制与投资型环境规制两种类型,利用我国30个省份在2003-2012年间的面板数据,实证研究了不同类型环境规制对企业技术创新的影响。研究结果表明,费用型环境规制对企业技术创新产生了显著的"挤出效应",排污费的征收增加了企业的生产成本,但是并不能促进企业进行技术创新;投资型环境规制总体上对企业技术创新产生了"激励效应",这在一定程度上支持了"波特假说"。投资型环境规制通过降低企业技术创新的风险,增强企业的信心和预期水平,提升了企业的竞争力。在三类环境投资中,城市环境基础设施建设投资对企业技术创新的促进作用最为显著;建设项目"三同时"环保投资对技术创新的正向作用难以确定;而工业污染源治理投资则在一定程度上抑制了企业的技术创新。门限回归分析表明,费用型环境规制与投资型环境规制均存在门限效应,即环境规制程度的不同,对技术创新的影响也有所差异。因此,在制定环境规制政策时,要考虑不同环境规制政策的效果差异,有所侧重地制定和实施环境规制政策。