Characteristics of regional climate change and pattern analysis on Ordos Plateau

The characteristics of precipitation, temperature and their combination determine the special ecological environment pattern of Ordos Plateau. Analyzing its evolutionary trend attributes to understanding the succession process of the ecological environment of Ordos Plateau and has crucial instructional significance on the ecological restoration research being conducted in this region. Four time scales, arranging from ten days, one month, one season (growing season contrasting to non-growing season)to one year were adopted to analyze the climate data which included nearly 30 years and were collected by eight weather stations on Ordos Plateau. The results indicated that the mean annual temperature and the mean monthly temperature of February, September and December, had increased significantly during the late 30 years. The annual precipitation did not show significant changes but its distribution pattern had changed obviously. The ratio of precipitation of major growing season (May-October)to annual precipitation had increased distinctively, and five counties‘ precipitation reached statistically significant level.And the ratio of precipitation of latter growing season (September)to one year decreased significantly while the ratio of non-growing season (November-next April)to one year changed insignificantly. The results showed that maybe the interaction of increased mean temperature and insignificant change of precipitation in non-growing season was one of the reasons why the desertifieation of the region was deteriorating in recent years. Using some factors closely relating to vegetation succession such as mean annual temperature, mean annual precipitation, distributive pattern of precipitation, mean temperature of the coldest month, mean temperature of the warmest month, precipitation of the warmest month,mean temperature of growing season, precipitation of growing season, potential evapotranspiration(PET) and radiative dryness index( RD1), to synthetically analyze the climate characteristics of Ordos Plateau. The regionalized Ordos Plateau to three synthetical climate types were recognized as follows: Type 1, semi-humid and low evaporation(including Jungar Banner, Dongsheng City and Ejin Horo Banner), Type 11,semi-arid, semi-humid and moderate evaporation(including Uxin Banner and Dalad Banner), Type 111, arid and high evaporation(including Hanggin Banner,Otag Banner and Otog Qian Banner).     

Zn系LDHs负载改性石英砂和沸石对Cr(Ⅵ)吸附效果对比及其作用机理研究

为提升人工湿地常用填料对受污染水体中Cr(VI)的吸附性能,采用水热-共沉淀法在碱性条件下制备了Zn系LDHs涂层负载改性沸石和石英砂填料,并运用场发射扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、能谱分析仪(EDS)和BET等手段对改性前后填料的表面形态和化学成分进行了表征.最后,通过等温吸附试验、动力学吸附试验、吸附热力学试验对Zn系LDHs改性填料和天然填料的Cr(VI)吸附效果及其作用机理进行了对比研究.结果表明,通过Zn系LDHs涂层负载,沸石和石英砂对Cr(VI)的吸附类型由以物理吸附为主的多分子层吸附向以化学吸附为主的单分子层吸附转换,有利于吸附水中的Cr(VI);热力学相关参数ΔS~00,ΔG~00,ΔH~00,表明对Cr(VI)的吸附是自发放热过程.相比于天然沸石和石英砂,Zn系LDHs负载改性沸石和石英砂的表面物化性状发生明显变化,最大饱和吸附容量明显提高,尤其是石英砂的最大饱和吸附容量从21 mg·kg~(-1)提升到125 mg·kg~(-1).改性同种天然填料时,ZnAl-LDHs负载改性的效果更佳;而相对于天然沸石的改性,Zn系LDHs负载改性能更有效地提高石英砂对Cr(VI)的吸附能力.因此,本实验中ZnAl-LDHs负载改性石英砂可推荐用于实际人工湿地中Cr(VI)的去除.     

北京市机动车污染分担率的研究

研究建立了以GIS为平台的北京市机动车排放清单,获得了北京市规划市区内分车型以及分区域的机动车排放分担率.在此基础上,采用修正的ISCST3模型模拟了1995年规划市区CO和NO_x浓度的时空分布情况,并分析了机动车排放对北京市大气浓度的贡献率.结果表明,1995年北京市规划市区CO和NO_x的年排放分担率分别达到了76.8%和40.2%;相应的年浓度分担率则分别为76.5%和68.4%,在城市中心区以及道路边2种污染物的浓度分担率则更高.因此,在北京市对机动车排放污染实施控制是有效削减CO和NO_x的主要途径.     

基于公众对区域水灾感知的灾害风险沟通探讨

了解公众对区域水灾的感知情况,为开展有效的风险沟通和风险管理提供基础依据。本文从公众层面入手,在长江流域的上中下游选择重庆、江西、安徽作为调查样区,调查公众对当地水灾的感知状况,共访谈10余个区县的207位居民,每人的访谈时间都在40 min以上。据此分析公众区域水灾感知水平与灾害风险沟通间的关系。调查中发现,在风险沟通的渠道方面：电视是村民接受风险信息的主要渠道,很少有人通过报纸或网络了解水灾水情。在风险沟通的内容方面：在灾害中不同的角色因其职责、信息渠道等的不同,风险沟通的内容有别。水灾认知中,存在着由于期望差异、乐观侥幸心理等导致的认知偏差。在风险沟通的手段方面：对于受灾居民而言,可以通过水灾知识普及、加强心理辅导或心理治疗等方式减少水灾带来的负面影响。另外,需要引导公众认识到防洪科技的有限性,减少麻痹、盲从心理及其行为。     

涉及国家级自然保护区建设项目的累积生态影响研究

通过对近一年来我国涉及国家级自然保护区建设项目的统计分析,探析了多个建设项目对单个自然保护区累积生态影响的具体内容,并以内蒙古西鄂尔多斯国家级自然保护区为例,探讨了累积生态影响的评价方法。最后为严格控制建设项目对国家级自然保护区的累加生态影响,提出了4条有针对性的建议对策。     

晶化条件对SAPO分子筛合成及性能的影响

用水热晶化法合成SAPO分子筛 ,通过XRD分析表明 ,在原料及合成物料配比不变的条件下 ,采用不同的晶化时间和晶化温度可以合成出纯的SAPO 5分子筛、纯的SAPO 34分子筛以及SAPO 5和SAPO 34的混合物。以不同的SAPO分子筛为载体的催化剂在NO选择性还原为N2 反应中的催化性能也不同 ,并且耐湿热稳定性也不同。     

Development and applications of functional gene microarrays in the analysis of the functional diversity, composition, and structure of microbial communities

Functional gene arrays (FGAs) are a special type of microarrays containing probes for key genes involved in microbial functional processes, such as biogeochemical cycling of carbon, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, and metals, biodegradation of environmental contaminants, energy processing, and stress responses. GeoChips are considered as the most comprehensive FGAs. Experimentally established probe design criteria and a computational pipeline integrating sequence retrieval, probe design and verification, array construction, data analysis, and automatic update are used to develop the GeoChip technology. GeoChip has been systematically evaluated and demonstrated to be a powerful tool for rapid, specific, sensitive, and quantitative analysis of microbial communities in a high-throughput manner. Several generations of GeoChip have been developed and applied to investigate the functional diversity, composition, structure, function, and dynamics of a variety of microbial communities from different habitats, such as water, soil, marine, bioreactor, human microbiome, and extreme ecosystems. GeoChip is able to address fundamental questions related to global change, bioenergy, bioremediation, agricultural operation, land use, human health, environmental restoration, and ecological theories and to link the microbial community structure to environmental factors and ecosystem functioning.     

不同交通状况下道路边大气颗粒物数浓度粒径分布特征

研究了不同交通状况下北京交通环境大气颗粒物数浓度的污染特征.应用扫描电迁移率颗粒粒径谱仪(SMPS)测定了2009年8月常规交通状况和2008年8月奥运交通状况下北四环道路边大气颗粒物的数浓度,分析了数浓度的粒径分布特征及其逐时变化规律,目的为辨析交通流改变对交通环境中颗粒物数浓度的影响.常规交通状况下道路边超细颗粒物(10～100nm)和10～478 nm颗粒物总粒数浓度分别为(1.15±0.49)×104个.cm-3、(1.61±0.57)×104个.cm-3,奥运交通状况下分别下降到(0.55±0.14)×104个.cm-3、(1.21±0.24)×104个.cm-3,不同粒径段中超细颗粒物数浓度降幅最高,为52.2%.常规交通状况下道路边大气中颗粒物粒数浓度呈双峰分布,峰值粒径依次为22.5 nm和113.0 nm.奥运期间由于机动车单双号限行和黄标车禁行等措施的实施,22.5 nm处颗粒物数浓度峰值消失.粒径分布逐时变化显示,常规交通状况下00:00～04:00柴油车流量高峰、11:00～13:00高温强光照和17:00～20:00交通晚高峰这3个时段内超细颗粒物数浓度较高;而奥运期间受到交通流量下降、平均车速提高等因素影响,道路边颗粒物数浓度粒径分布逐时变化趋于平缓.     

深圳近岸海域全氟化合物的污染特征

为探究深圳近岸海域全氟化合物(perfluorinated compounds,PFCs)的污染特征,2013年9月采集了深圳近岸(离岸﹥2km)10份表层海水和7份表层沉积物.采用固相萃取分离、富集,结合高效液相色谱-质谱联用的方法测定了其中16种PFCs的含量.结果表明,表层海水中有10种PFCs不同程度地检出,包括C4、C6和C8全氟磺酸盐(perfluorinated sulfonates,PFSAs)和C5~C11全氟羧酸(perfluorinated carboxylic acids,PFCAs).ΣPFCs质量浓度范围在1.74~14.7 ng·L-1之间,其中PFBS、PFOS和PFOA是主要的PFCs.ΣPFCs质量浓度分布呈西高东低的态势,伶仃洋和深圳湾ΣPFCs质量浓度显著高于大亚湾和大鹏湾(P0.05),距岸越远ΣPFCs质量浓度越低.表层海水中PFCs可能主要来自于近岸污水的排放以及河流入海的输入.表层沉积物中有8种PFCs不同程度地检出,包括C6和C8PFSAs和C5,C6,C8~C11PFCAs.ΣPFCs含量范围在2.22~2.62μg·kg-1之间,其中PFOS是主要的PFCs.ΣPFCs含量变化很小,可能主要来自对上覆海水中PFCs的吸附.沉积物吸附PFCs的能力随碳链长度增加而增强,且相同碳链长度的情况下,PFSAs较PFCAs更易于被吸附.此外,不同近岸海域PFCs质量浓度比较结果表明,深圳近岸海域表层海水PFBS污染较为严重,而沉积物PFOS含量与其他海域相差不大.     

应用GM(1,1)模型预测阿什河水质变化趋势

GM(1,1)模型在水质预测中得到了较为广泛的运用。本文应用GM(1,1)模型对阿什河入松花江口内断面中高锰酸盐指数和氨氮两项指标的浓度变化趋势进行了预测,结果表明:高锰酸盐指数浓度呈上升趋势,氨氮浓度呈下降趋势。对比灰色动态模型群和子模型的预测结果精度,发现对于两极分化的数据,模型群预测结果的关联度低于子模型。本文将为制定阿什河水质改善方案提供科学依据。