喷氨法吸收燃煤电厂CO2的可行性分析

随着中国近年来经济加速发展,电力能源消耗日益增加,目前就中国电力能源生产结构而言,用电量增加就意味着燃煤消耗量的大幅度增加,同时将产生大量温室气体。其中,CO2的排放对气候的负面影响十分巨大,成为燃煤电厂发展的瓶颈问题之一。本文从喷氨法生产NH4HCO3肥料的传统工艺出发,说明了将这种技术手段改造并用于燃煤电厂减排并回收利用CO2的可行性和有效性,并介绍了相应的化学原理和生产流程。     

刚果红的零价铁还原脱色条件及机理研究

零价铁使直接大红4BS还原脱色,其主要机理包括了电化学作用、铁粉的还原作用、铁离子的絮凝吸附作用、铁粉表面的物理吸附等。其中电化学还原与化学还原为主。当铁粉的投加量在2 g/50 ml、pH=3、摇床转速在140 rmp时,5 min内脱色率分别达到了100%、90%和80%以上。结果表明,通过改变染料的pH值、铁粉的投加量和摇床的转速都可以很好地提高脱色效果。     

中国建筑能耗现状及节能措施概述

分析了中国建筑耗能的特点和现状,提出了降低建筑能耗的具体措施.同时指出:从能耗方式来看,供暖节能应该是开展建筑节能工作的重点;从能耗的产生过程考虑,建筑运行阶段的动态节能(即系统节能)是节能工作的关键环节;从能量利用的实质上讲,提高能量转换效率是节能工作的核心.为推动新形势下的建筑节能工作有一定的理论指导意义.     

The 1998 Yangtze Floods: The Use of Short-Term Forecasts in the Context of Seasonal to Interannual Water Resource Management

This paper reviews changes in the use of short-term climate information for water management in China after the 1998 Great Flood in the Yangtze River basin. This devastating flood is now believed to have been caused mainly by the 1997–98 El Niño event. Although the short-term climate forecasts and weather forecasts are considered to be useful in planning for flood prevention activities and for making key decisions during combating floods, the gap between the meteorological services (producers of climate forecasts) and water management agencies (users of climate forecasts) has grown in terms of credibility given to climate forecasting: weather services put more efforts on improving the technology for increasing forecast accuracy, whereas water managers put their efforts and investment into upstream ecological restoration and flood control systems. By reviewing the published and gray (unpublished) literature, we found that assessments of the 1998 Great Flood in the Yangtze River basin really helped the central government and water resources agencies to recognize the weaknesses of the existing flood control system, the mismanagement in the ecological systems, and the need for developing a national water resource management plan to deal with the problems of too much water, too little water, and very polluted water.     

桨叶式干燥机干化含油污泥工艺研究

含油污泥属于危险废物,对环境危害极大,但因含有一定的油质而具有回收价值,利用热干化技术将其水分降低后,可成为燃料加以利用。为了探索桨叶式干燥机处理含油污泥的可行性,以炼油厂污水处理厂的含油污泥为处理对象进行干化处理试验研究,分析了不同干化温度、干化时间和污泥供给量对出料污泥含水率和热值的影响。研究结果表明,含水率77.6%的污泥样品,在最佳运行条件下,即当干化温度为180℃,干化时间为25min和污泥供给量为60kg/h时,干化污泥的含水率可降至30%,热值达到4 250kcal/kg。     

热碱法破解污泥动态实验的条件优化

以城市污水处理厂二沉池污泥为研究对象,利用热碱处理工艺对其进行处理,研究污泥的最佳处理条件,分析静态实验对动态实验的指导作用。结果表明:静态实验处理条件下,污泥热碱处理的最佳初始pH、反应温度、反应时间分别为13、30℃、10 h;在最适条件下,COD溶出率、水相中的蛋白质和多糖浓度依次为61.53%、761.73 mg/L、649.85 mg/L;动态实验最佳反应时间为10 h,在此最佳条件下COD溶出率为75.77%、多糖浓度为842.34 mg/L,蛋白质浓度随着反应时间上下波动,总体破解效果高于静态实验。以上结果表明,污泥静态实验对动态实验具有现实指导作用,热碱联合具有较好的应用前景。     

Relationships of ozone formation sensitivity with precursors emissions, meteorology and land use types, in Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area, China

Due to the influences of precursors emissions, meteorology, geography and other factors, ozone formation sensitivity (OFS) is generally spatially and temporally heterogeneous. This study characterized detailed spatial and temporal variations of OFS in Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area (GBA) from 2012 to 2016 based on OMI satellite data, and analyzed the relationships of OFS with precursors emissions, meteorology and land use types (LUTs). From 2012 to 2016, the OFS tended to be NO_x-limited in GBA, with the value of FNR (HCHO/NO₂) increasing from 2.04 to 2.22. According to the total annual emission statistics of precursors, NO_x emissions decreased by 33.1% and VOCs emissions increased by 35.2% from 2012 to 2016, directly resulting in OFS tending to be NO_x-limited. The Grey Relation Analysis results show that total column water (TCW), surface net solar radiation (SSR), air temperature at 2 m (T2) and surface pressure (SP) are the top four meteorological factors with the greatest influences on OFS. There are significant positive correlations between FNR and T2, SSR, TCW, and significant negative correlations between FNR and SP. In GBA, the OFS tends to be NO_x-limited regime in wet season (higher T2, SSR, TCW and lower SP) and VOCs-limited regime in dry season (lower T2, SSR, TCW and higher SP). The FNR displays obvious gradient variations on different LUTs, with the highest in “Rural areas”, second in “Suburban areas” and lowest in “Urban areas”.     

基于车载诊断系统的轻型乘用车实际道路油耗特征分析

近年来的一系列研究表明,轻型车实际道路油耗与型式认证油耗间的差异在不断增大,之前的实际道路油耗研究大多基于用户上报数据或车载排放测试系统(PEMS).车载诊断系统(OBD)是一种监测发动机及排放控制系统实时工作状态的仪器.本研究通过OBD解码器采集瞬时发动机进气量计算机动车瞬态油耗并通过2辆轻型汽油车的实验室台架测试证明该方法具有很好的准确性(差异在±5%以内).本研究进一步在北京选取了7辆轻型汽油车,利用OBD解码器开展实际道路油耗测试,并研究运行工况及车辆载重对其实际道路油耗的影响.实际道路结果显示测试车辆在典型工况下的油耗比型式认证油耗高23.1%~46.4%,平均差异为29.2%.通过微观运行模态方法将实际道路油耗修正到法规测试循环(NEDC工况)的交通特征下,道路油耗仍然比型式认证油耗高18.7%±7.1%.研究表明,平均速度与实际道路油耗具有很强的相关性.实际道路油耗在30 km·h-1以下时会随速度降低而显著上升.此外,研究还发现如果车辆载重增加260 kg,实际道路油耗将上升6.2%±2.2%.     

不同挂膜方式成熟滤料去除地下水中As(Ⅲ)研究

通过动力学和动态柱实验对比研究了不同挂膜方式成熟滤料去除地下水中As（Ⅲ）效能.并采用SEM-EDS?XRD及FTIR等表征手段对滤料形态和结构进行了分析.结果表明,两种滤料的形貌具有较大差异.采用化学挂膜的滤料去除As（Ⅲ）性能更优.二级动力学模型能较好地模拟两种滤料除As（Ⅲ）动力学过程,自然挂膜滤料和化学挂膜滤料拟合速率常数分别为8.568×10^-6和14.248×10^-6mg/（g·min）.Yan模型对动态柱实验穿透曲线的拟合系数R²>0.999.通过脱附再生实验,发现0.5mol/L的NaHCO₃作为脱附剂可使滤料有效再生.对比过滤前后滤料的XRD分析结果,滤料结构变化不大,除砷能力稳定.滤料表面铁锰氧化物含量直接影响滤料除As（Ⅲ）性能.两种滤料在除砷过程中均消耗了羟基.本研究为不同方法去除地下水中As（Ⅲ）提供了理论支撑,具有一定工程指导意义.     

Efficient low-temperature soot combustion by bimetallic Ag–Cu/SBA-15 catalysts

In this study, the effects of copper(Cu) additive on the catalytic performance of Ag/SBA-15 in complete soot combustion were investigated. The soot combustion performance of bimetallic Ag–Cu/SBA-15 catalysts was higher than that of monometallic Ag and Cu catalysts. The optimum catalytic performance was acquired with the 5 Ag_1-Cu_(0.1)/SBA-15 catalyst, on which the soot combustion starts at T_(ig)= 225°C with a T_(50)= 285°C. The temperature for 50% of soot combustion was lower than that of conventional Ag-based catalysts to more than 50°C(Aneggi et al., 2009). Physicochemical characterizations of the catalysts indicated that addition of Cu into Ag could form smaller bimetallic Ag–Cu nanolloy particles, downsizing the mean particle size from 3.7 nm in monometallic catalyst to 2.6 nm in bimetallic Ag–Cu catalyst. Further experiments revealed that Ag and Cu species elicited synergistic effects, subsequently increasing the content of surface active oxygen species. As a result, the structure modifications of Ag by the addition of Cu strongly intensified the catalytic performance.