粉煤灰中微量元素浸出特性试验研究

通过采用不同pH值的浸出剂对淮南上窑贮灰场中粉煤灰进行了室内浸泡试验研究,得出粉煤灰中微量元素的浸出规律.结果表明:微量元素Cu,Mn,Cd,Ni,Zn随着pH值的增大析出浓度减少,而Cr随着pH值的增大溶出浓度增大,B的溶出与pH值的关系不明显;粉煤灰中微量元素溶出率很低,不会对环境造成污染.     

OH自由基引发光氧化氟氯碳化合物的研究

研究了ＣＦＣ－１１＋Ｈ２Ｏ２，ＣＦＣ－１１＋Ｈ２Ｏ２＋Ｏ２，ＣＦＣ－１２＋Ｈ２Ｏ２和ＣＦＣ－１２＋Ｈ２Ｏ２＋Ｏ２４个体系的光化学反应，这些体系在低压尔照射下，Ｈ２Ｏ２产生了ＯＨ自由基，ＯＨ自由基能引发ＣＦＣ的光氧化反应，其产物在２０ｍ长的漪避用富叶红外光谱仪测量，发现在ＣＦＣ－１１＋Ｈ２Ｏ２和ＣＦＣ－１１＋Ｈ２Ｏ２＋Ｏ２体系中有ＣＯＦＣｌ，ＣＯ２和ＨＣｌ，而在ＣＦＣ－１２＋Ｈ２Ｏ２和ＣＦＣ－１２＋     

柴达木盆地水资源决策支持系统的设计与开发研究

柴达木盆地水资源规划管理决策属典型的半结构化、多层次、多决策者和多目标的决策问题，为此设计开发了柴达木盆地水资源决策支持系统。文章系统地介绍了柴达木盆地水资源决策支持系统结构框架、设计原则、开发思路、决策模式和基本功能。系统由数据库、模型库及其管理系统三部分组成，模型库包括人口动态模型、宏观经挤模型、水资源模拟模型、绿洲生态需水模型和水资源多目标优化分析模型等5个基本模型。在求解水资源多目标优化分析模型时，使用了逐步法(STEM)，把多目标化为单目标进行求解，决策者在迭代权衡过程中输入经验与偏好信息来获取满意的决策信息。     

A spectral power analysis of driving behavior changes during the transition from nondistraction to distraction

Objective: This article investigated and compared frequency domain and time domain characteristics of drivers' behaviors before and after the start of distracted driving.

Method: Data from an existing naturalistic driving study were used. Fast Fourier transform (FFT) was applied for the frequency domain analysis to explore drivers' behavior pattern changes between nondistracted (prestarting of visual–manual task) and distracted (poststarting of visual–manual task) driving periods. Average relative spectral power in a low frequency range (0–0.5 Hz) and the standard deviation in a 10-s time window of vehicle control variables (i.e., lane offset, yaw rate, and acceleration) were calculated and further compared. Sensitivity analyses were also applied to examine the reliability of the time and frequency domain analyses.

Results: Results of the mixed model analyses from the time and frequency domain analyses all showed significant degradation in lateral control performance after engaging in visual–manual tasks while driving. Results of the sensitivity analyses suggested that the frequency domain analysis was less sensitive to the frequency bandwidth, whereas the time domain analysis was more sensitive to the time intervals selected for variation calculations. Different time interval selections can result in significantly different standard deviation values, whereas average spectral power analysis on yaw rate in both low and high frequency bandwidths showed consistent results, that higher variation values were observed during distracted driving when compared to nondistracted driving.

Conclusions: This study suggests that driver state detection needs to consider the behavior changes during the prestarting periods, instead of only focusing on periods with physical presence of distraction, such as cell phone use. Lateral control measures can be a better indicator of distraction detection than longitudinal controls. In addition, frequency domain analyses proved to be a more robust and consistent method in assessing driving performance compared to time domain analyses.     

Exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and risk for premature ovarian failure and reproductive hormones imbalance

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a typical class of persistent organic pollutants that is ubiquitous worldwide. Previous animal studies suggested that PAHs had adverse effects on female reproduction. However, the human data regarding relationship of PAHs exposure with women reproductive health, such as ovarian dysfunction, are scarce. In this case-control study, the associations of serum levels of PAHs with the risk of premature ovarian failure (POF) and reproductive hormones in Chinese women were investigated, with recruiting 157 POF patients and 217 healthy women. The serum levels of 12 types of PAHs, as well as reproductive hormones, including follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone and anti-mullerian hormone, were determined. In the logistic regression models, most individual PAH congeners showed significantly positive correlations with the risk of POF (p < 0.05), except for fluorine and pyrene. Benzo(a)pyrene (BaP), as the most carcinogenic PAH congener, was observed to be significantly positively associated with the risk of POF. After adjustment for age, body mass index, educational levels and household income, per one-unit increase in the log-transformed BaP concentration was significantly correlated with 2.191-fold increased risk of POF (OR = 2.191, 95%CI: 1.634–2.938, p < 0.05). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to report an association between internal exposure levels of PAHs and the increased risk of POF in women.     

重金属污染河流生态修复区挺水植物对重金属的吸收特性

为了分析比较滇东南选矿区重金属污染河流——小白河生态修复区所种植芦苇和香蒲对重金属的吸收及生态修复效果差异,于2015年4月在小白河西岸野生植物区及东岸生态修复区采集土壤及植物样品,对样品进行烘干、消解,使用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法测定样品中铅（Pb）、锌（Zn）、铬（Cr）和镍（Ni）这4种重金属的含量,使用原子荧光光谱法测定样品中砷（As）的含量.结果表明:①小白河东岸生态修复区湿地底泥中As和Zn污染最为严重,但东岸底泥中各重金属含量已明显低于西岸,其中芦苇种植区底泥中w（As）和w（Ni）较西岸分别降低了38.82%和50.53%,香蒲种植区底泥中w（As）和w（Ni）较西岸分别降低了13.54%和21.95%.②芦苇对As、Pb、Zn和Pb、Cr以及Cr、Ni这3组重金属的吸收存在显著的协同作用,香蒲对重金属吸收的协同作用表现在As、Zn、Ni和Pb、Cr这2组重金属中,这种重金属吸收协同作用在芦苇中更明显.③芦苇对Cr的生物富集系数（BCF）较高,对Cr的转运系数（TF）为0.80,属于富集型耐受策略,芦苇对Zn和Ni属于根部囤积型耐受策略;香蒲对Pb、Zn、Ni、Cr这4种重金属的BCF较大,TF均接近1,属于富集型耐受策略,对As属于根部囤积型耐受策略.研究显示,芦苇可作为重金属污染河流生态修复区的先锋植物,香蒲的重金属生物富集效率较高,将重金属富集于地上部的能力较强,可考虑将植物分区种植的模式改为间作种植,并定期收割香蒲地上部,以使生态修复区具有更好的重金属修复效果.      

Negative emissions of carbon dioxide through chemical-looping combustion (CLC) and gasification (CLG) using oxygen carriers based on manganese and iron

Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is an economically attractive strategy for avoiding carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions from, e.g., power plants to the atmosphere. The combination of CCS and biomass combustion would result in a reduction of atmospheric CO₂, or net negative emissions, as plant growth is a form of sequestration of atmospheric carbon. Carbon capture can be achieved in a variety of ways, one of which is chemical looping. Chemical-looping combustion (CLC) and chemical looping gasification (CLG) are two promising technologies for conversion of biomass to heat and power or syngas/methane with carbon capture. There have been significant advances made with respect to CLC in the last two decades for all types of fuel, with much less research on the gasification technology. CLG offers some interesting opportunities for production of biofuels together with carbon capture and may have several advantages with respect to the bench mark indirect gasification process or dual-bed fluidized bed (DFBG) in this respect. In CLG, an oxygen carrier is used as a bed material instead of sand, which is common in indirect gasification, and this could have several advantages: (i) all generated CO₂ is present together with the syngas or methane in the fuel reactor outlet stream, thus in a concentrated stream, viable for separation and capture; (ii) the air reactor (or combustion chamber) should largely be free from trace impurities, thus preventing corrosion and fouling in this reactor; and (iii) the highly oxidizing conditions in the fuel reactor together with solid oxide surfaces should be advantageous with respect to limiting formation of tar species. In this study, two manganese ores and an iron-based waste material, LD slag, were investigated with respect to performance in these chemical-looping technologies. The materials were also impregnated with alkali (K) in order to gauge possible catalytic effects and also to establish a better understanding of the general behavior of oxygen carriers with alkali, an important component in biomass and biomass waste streams and often a precursor for high-temperature corrosion. The viability of the oxygen carriers was investigated using a synthetic biogas in a batch fluidized bed reactor. The conversion of CO, H₂, CH₄, and C₂H₄ was investigated in the temperature interval 800–950 °C. The reactivity, or oxygen transfer rate, was highest for the manganese ores, followed by the LD slag. The conversion of C₂H₄ was generally high but could largely be attributed to thermal decomposition. The K-impregnated samples showed enhanced reactivity during combustion conditions, and the Mangagran-K sample was able to achieve full conversion of benzene. The interaction of the solid material with alkali showed widely different behavior. The two manganese ores retained almost all alkali after redox testing, albeit exhibiting different migration patterns inside the particles. LD slag lost most alkali to the gas phase during testing, although some remained, possibly explaining a small difference in reactivity. In summary, the CLC and CLG processes could clearly be interesting for production of heat, power, or biofuel with negative CO₂ emissions. Manganese ores are most promising from this study, as they could absorb alkali, giving a better conversion and perhaps also inhibiting or limiting corrosion mechanisms in a combustor or gasifier.

     

Estimation of Human Norovirus Infectivity from Environmental Water Samples by In Situ Capture RT-qPCR Method

Human noroviruses (HuNoVs) are highly infectious viruses for which water is an important medium of transmission. In this study, we explored a new in situ capture RT-qPCR (ISC-RT-qPCR) methodology to estimate the infectivity of HuNoV in environmental water samples. This assay was based on capturing encapsidated HuNoV by viral receptors, followed by in situ amplification of the captured viral genomes by RT-qPCR. We demonstrated that the ISC-RT-qPCR did not capture and enable signal amplification of heat-denatured Tulane Virus (TV) and HuNoVs. We further demonstrated that the sensitivity of ISC-RT-qPCR was equal or better than that of conventional RT-qPCR procedures for the detection of HuNoV GI and GII. We then utilized the ISC-RT-qPCR to detect HuNoV in environmental water samples for comparison against that from a conventional RT-qPCR procedure. TV was used as a process control virus. While complete inhibition of TV genomic signal was observed in 27% of samples tested by RT-qPCR, no inhibition of TV genomic signal was observed by ISC-RT-qPCR. From 72 samples tested positive for HuNoV GI signal by RT-qPCR, only 20 (27.8%) of these samples tested positive by ISC-RT-qPCR, suggesting that 72.2% of RT-qPCR-positive samples were unlikely to be infectious. From 16 samples tested positive for HuNoV GII signal by RT-qPCR, only one of these samples tested positive by ISC-RT-qPCR. Five samples that had initially tested negative for HuNoV GII signal by RT-qPCR, was tested as positive by ISC-RT-qPCR. Overall, ISC-RT-qPCR method provided an alternative assay to estimate infectivity of HuNoV in environmental samples.     

不同合成条件对ZnAl-LDHs覆膜改性生物陶粒除磷效果的影响

采用3种Zn~(2+)/Al~(.+)金属浓度比的ZnCl_2和AlCl_3溶液,在两个不同pH值条件下,利用水热-共沉淀法对生物陶粒基质进行层状双金属氢氧化物(LDHs)覆膜改性.将生成的不同类型ZnAl-LDHs覆膜改性基质与原始生物陶粒基质分别填充于实验柱中,构建模拟垂直流人工湿地小试系统;对改性前后的7种基质进行磷素净化效果、等温吸附实验和解吸附实验研究,通过实验数据结合主成分分析,探讨ZnAl-LDHs覆膜改性生物陶粒除磷效果提升的影响因素.结果表明,pH=11的ZnAl-LDHs改性方式对磷素净化效果具有更为明显的提升功能;其中ZnAl-LDHs(pH=11,1∶1)改性生物陶粒基质相比于原始基质,对TP、TDP、SRP平均去除率的增幅超过70%,其最大理论吸附量达到原始生物陶粒的3倍.合成ZnAl-LDHs时的pH值和Zn~(2+)/Al~(3+)金属浓度比对改性生物陶粒的结构形态与覆膜效果有着不同程度的影响,其中合成时的pH值是ZnAlLDHs覆膜改性生物陶粒除磷效果的主要影响因素.通过合理调控制备ZnAl-LDHs覆膜改性生物陶粒时的pH值及Zn~(2+)/Al~(3+)金属浓度比,可以达到有效提高ZnAl-LDHs覆膜改性生物陶粒除磷效果的目的.     

青岛市省级生态红线区产业准入负面清单制定方法及实践研究

结合法律法规和专家咨询法,对整合产业进行生态影响识别,并与现有政策进行衔接,建立了青岛市三类省级生态红线区产业准入负面清单。土壤保持、水源涵养、生物多样性维护三类红线区涉及(A-T)20类产业,三类红线区B、C、H、K类是全禁止,生物多样性维护红线区F类全禁止。A类产业中仅有林业均是正影响,I类和M类产业生态影响小,L、Q、S类禁止所有设施建设。此外,一些产业受限于设施建设,如果仅提供服务,则不纳入负面清单。