构建“水-煤-碳”体系 优化煤化工发展

分析了煤化工行业发展的现状及趋势,提出我国现代煤化工发展瓶颈主要是产业发展存在技术风险、产业发展与资源环境的矛盾突出及面临碳减排压力,并提出通过合理构建"水-煤-碳"三大约束指标体系,引导煤化工实现有序发展。     

农业管理实践对除草剂环境行为的影响

除草剂的土壤环境行为与受人为控制的农业管理实践有密切的关系。本文通过文献调研综合分析了农田灌溉、耕作制度、施肥、作物秸秆还田和除草剂施用量等农业管理实践对除草剂土壤环境行为的影响 ,并据此提出了减轻除草剂污染地下水的若干思路。     

环境安全：21世纪人类面临的根本问题

本文从人类社会的可持续进步和国家的可持续发展两个层面,深层次地分析了环境安全问题的不可替代的重要性,并从理论和实践两个方面得出：第一,我国应将环境安全的保证能力作为综合国力的重要组成部分;第二,应将环境安全观作为指导我国21世纪两大战略-加入WTO和西部大开发的重要方针。     

西部大开发中一些战略问题的思考

本文运用可持续发展的思想和基本理论,对西部大开发中具有战略意义的发展目标、发展模式、发展手段等问题进行了深层次的分析,指出西部大开发必须贯彻可持续发展战略,加快小城镇建设是西部大开发的主要切入点。     

The regional economic impact of reducing greenhouse gas emissions: Western Australia

This study analyses the general-equilibrium impacts of an international climate change response policy on the economy of Western Australia (WA), one of the most mining-based and energy-intensive states of Australia. It finds that emissions would fall by up to 11% from the base level in WA. However, such environmental benefits emanate at some costs to the state economy; in terms of foregone gross state product, the costs are up to 3% of the base level. Indeed, the actual costs and benefits depend on the precise design of the climate change response policy as well as on the other policies within which it operates. For example, when emission quota permits are sold to industries and no tradeable carbon credits (i.e. credits for the carbon sequestrated in Kyoto forests) are granted, emissions decline by about 8% and GSP falls by about 3% of the base levels. If carbon credits are tradeable, however, the environmental benefits could be increased and the GSP cost could be reduced substantially. Also, the reduced economic activity caused by emission abatement results in a modest fall in net government revenue, despite the additional revenue from permit sales in some cases. Accordingly, government’s fiscal package surrounding the emission permits would influence the emission abatement impacts on the economy. With regard to the effects on the structure of the state economy, the oil and gas industry suffers only a slight contraction but the energy-supplying sector as a whole contracts substantially. It is therefore not surprising that the impacts on the WA economy of curbing emissions by energy and transport industries alone are quite significant when compared to those resulted from all industries’ compliance with the abatement scheme. It needs to be noted that the model projections analysed in the paper are based on simplifying assumptions and tentative scenarios, and hence should be viewed with caution and not be understood as unconditional forecasts.     

我国环境经济方面的能力建设与国际援助

本文论述了加强环境经济能力建设的背景、避免市场失灵及政府失灵的措施以及商业银行参与环保产业融资的经验.     

Desulfurization of coke oven gas from the coking of coking coal blended with a sorbent and waste plastic

A new way to implement the simultaneous reutilization of solid waste, the desulfurization of coke oven gas (COG), and even the desulfurization of coke by the co-coking of coking coal (CC) and waste plastic (WP) blended with a sorbent is proposed; the evolution of H₂S and the removal efficiency of H₂S from COG during the co-coking process were investigated in a lab-scale cylindrical reactor. The experimental results indicated that for the coking of CC blended with ZnO, Fe₂O₃, or blast furnace dust (BFD) as a sorbent, the instantaneous concentration of H₂S in COG was lower than 500 mg/m³ (which meets the technical specification requirement of the Chinese Cleaner Production Standard–Coking Industry, HJ/T 126-2003) when the molar ratio between the key component of the sorbent and the volatile S in CC or the CC/WP blend, n _Zn+Fe/n _S, was about 1.2 for ZnO and Fe₂O₃, but not for BFD under the same conditions, suggesting that ZnO and Fe₂O₃ are promising sorbents, but that BFD must be treated chemical or thermally before being used as a sorbent because of the size and complicated nature of the influence of its phase/chemical composition on its desulfurization ability. However, for the co-coking of CC and WP blended with ZnO as a sorbent, n _Zn+Fe/n _S must increase to 1.4 and 1.7 for 100/2 and 100/5 blends of CC/WP, respectively, to ensure a satisfactory efficiency for H₂S removal from COG. Part of this paper was presented at the International Symposium on EcoTopia Science 2005 (ISET05), Aug 8–9, 2005, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Japan     

镉对南美蟛蜞菊光合特性的影响

镉(Cd)积累是造成土壤重金属污染的重要因素之一,它是一种对植物生理代谢过程产生诸多影响的环境胁迫因子,光合作用的变化可以直接反映植物对Cd胁迫的适应特性.通过对外来植物南美蟛蜞菊(Wedelia trilobata (L.) Hitchc.)生长过程不同程度的Cd胁迫处理,利用光合气体交换与叶绿素荧光技术,初步观测盆栽土壤中不同质量分数的Cd对南美蟛蜞菊叶片净光合速率、蒸腾速率、水分利用效率、叶绿素质量分数与荧光特征等光合特性的影响.结果显示:①当土壤中Cd质量分数达到5 mg·kg-1时,叶片净光合速率Pn明显降低,但蒸腾速率Tr和气孔导度gs降幅较小,水分利用率WUE则没有表现出明显差异;②随着土壤中Cd的增加,叶绿素a质量分数与叶绿素a/b降低,但叶绿素b变化不明显;③ Cd质量分数达到2 mg·kg-1时,初始荧光Fo与光化效率Fv/Fm变化明显,光系统Ⅱ电子传递速率ETR和量子效率ΦPSⅡ从Cd质量分数为0.5 mg·kg-1起有明显变化.由此看出,Cd对叶绿素有一定程度的破坏作用,其中光反应中心对Cd胁迫尤为敏感,叶片光合速率和光能转化效率的下降与此密切相关.     

信号分子对类球红细菌(Rhodobacter sphaeroides)碳源利用的影响

类球红细菌拥有cer群体感应系统.它既有细胞间信息传递的功能,也对碳源利用进行调节.为调查自诱导物对碳源利用的影响,在仅少量EDTA作唯一能源物的培养基中加入N-(tetradecanoyl)-DL-homoserine lactone,通过测定活菌数变化观察这种类球红细菌自诱导物的结构类似物对碳源利用的影响.然后利用Biolog-GN鉴定板,在加入外源信号分子和对照的条件下,研究了类球红细菌正常培养与饥饿培养下对95种单一碳源的不同利用情况.结果表明,在存在信号分子的饥饿情况下,细菌能更好的利用EDTA维持活菌数量.当培养到6h的时候,加入信号分子培养的鉴定板中,正常培养情况下细菌对碳源的利用丰富度指数最高;而在饥饿培养情况下细菌能利用更多种类的碳源.     

广州市城市热岛时间变化特征及与大气总悬浮颗粒物关系的研究(英文)

文章研究了1985-2005年期间广州市城市热岛强度时间变化及与大气总悬浮颗粒物浓度的关系.结果表明.由于经济的快速增长和城市化进程不断加快,广州市城市热岛效应十分明显,年平均热岛强度在0.20～2.10℃之间波动.受季风等大范围气候背景及降雨的影响,月平均热岛强度具有明显的季节变化特征,总体上呈"U"字形变化,其中7月份热岛强度最低,11月份最高.不同时次(02:00,08:00,14:00和20:00)的热岛强度以08:00时最高,而以14:00最低.最低温度下的热岛强度呈现出稳定增长的趋势(平均值为1.09℃),显示出广州近地面平均气温上升以最低温度最为明显.自1994年之后广州市大气总悬浮颗粒物水平呈现出明显的下降趋势,然而1982年到1998年期间仍然超过了国家大气质量二级标准所规定的浓度限值0.200 mg/m3.研究还表明,广州城市年平均热岛强度与年平均大气总悬浮颗粒物浓度之间存在显著的负相关,负相关系数为-0.676.尽管市区大气总悬浮颗粒物可以反射太阳辐射,降低日照时间,最终产生致冷效应,但是广州城市热岛效应是全球气候变暖下的大气增温和悬浮颗粒物降温之间平衡作用的结果.