港口环境风险管理探——以天津港为例

中国是一个海洋大国,海洋和港口的环境保护得到了国家的高度重视.港口的环境风险防范管理是一个较新的研究领域,当前中国港口经济的高速增长必然带来港口环境风险的增加,对风险进行有效地评价和管理对国家的经济发展和环境保护具有重要意义.本文对天津港环境风险管理的过程进行了较为系统的探讨,分析了天津港环境风险管理技术思路和主要内容,对天津港存在的环境风险因子做了识别,并对环境风险的评估方法做了针对性总结,为港口的风险防范措施提供了一些建议.     

Contributing institutional factors of rural environmental pollution in the process of modernization in China —In the perspective of the efficiency of environmental management system

With the development of rural pollution, its characteristic and institutional factor should be studied for pollution control through economics and sociology. Based on the data gathered from investigations by several government sectors, rural environmental pollution can be divided into two types by its sources: internal source type and external source type. The internal source type is the main component of rural pollution at present, which can be further divided into three types. Research shows that the contributing institutional factors of rural pollution issues and the effectiveness of environmental management system over rural pollution can be summarized as distinctiveness. In essence, the rural pollution issue results from the dualism of rural and urban areas’ inadaptability to rural modernization. In detail, the contributing factors can be summed up on three institutional levels. There are obvious loopholes in rural environmental management system which, in the meantime, is incapable and inadaptable to rural pollution control. There exist similar questions in the related public service system, which are intensified by inappropriate reform which brought about incompatible incentive in the recent years. However, in the eleventh five-year plan period, there are advantageous trends in the three institutional levels. Main data sources in this paper: ➀ the surveys on TVEs (township and village enterprises) conducted by Township Enterprise Bureau of Ministry of Agriculture of China in 1997 and 2002; ➁ the partial survey on rural environmental conditions by EPA (environmental protection administration) of Zhejiang Province in 2002; ➂ the survey on the pollution of IPLFs (livestock and poultry farms) in 23 provinces, municipalities, and directly administered cities by the State Environmental Protection Administration of China in 2002; ➃ the research report on Mechanism of Investment and Financing for Environmental Protection by China Council for International Environment and Development Cooperation in 2003; ➄ the third investigation on national hygiene service in 2003; ➅ the regular monitoring of safe quality of agricultural products by the Ministry of Agriculture of China in 2005; ➆ the investigation arranged by the Ministry of Health which finished in 2007 and showed the total situation of rural environmental health and drinking water security of the whole country.     

预报预警在地质灾害防治中的应用

本文介绍了江西地质灾害气象预报模型的建立、计算方法,以及预警预报在地质灾害防治工作中获得的成功,对类似条件地区的地质灾害防治工作,具有一定的借鉴作用.     

北京市压缩天然气公交车的环境效果分析

经过对北京市2007年公交车队的详细技术构成与实际运营情况的调研,发现北京市公交车队的主力车型为国三和国四车辆,应用修正的COPERTIV模型计算出北京市各技术水平的汽油、柴油和压缩天然气(CNG)公交车的排放因子.2007年北京市国三CNG公交车PM2.5和NOx单车排放因子分别比国三柴油车削减了97%和30%,而公交车队中排放控制最为严格的EEV天然气公交车的PM2.5和NOx单车排放因子分别比国四柴油公交车削减了93%和69%.但由于CNG公交车的CH4排放水平较高,导致CNG公交车的总碳氢化合物(THC)单车排放因子显著高于相近控制水平的柴油公交车.在单车排放水平的基础上建立了北京市公交车排放清单,2007年北京市公交车排放的CO、NMHC、THC、NOx和PM2.5分别为9051t、955t、1222t、8553t和161t.与没有CNG公交车的对照情景进行比较,在使用了CNG公交车后,2007年北京市公交车CO、NMHC、NOx和PM2.5排放总量分别削减了293t、62t、775t和33t,削减比例分别为3.1%、6.1%、8.3%和17.2%.2007年北京市通过在公交车队中使用CNG车辆共减少了柴油消耗量约5.0×104t,相当于北京市各行业柴油总消耗量的2.6%.2007年北京市公交车尾气排放的温室气体的CO2当量为8.3×105t,比不使用CNG车辆的情景略微增加了2.4%.     

流域水环境优先控制污染物筛选方法研究

本方法借鉴国内外经验,采用美国环保局工业环境实验室提出的化合物的潜在危害指数来指示物质对环境的毒性,结合某流域丰、平、枯三个水期测定出的有机污染物的检出浓度和检出频次以及流域污染源的检出频次,利用分级、加权法对检出的化合物进行排序,遵循有源、可控的原则,筛选出某流域的优先控制污染物。所提出的方法具有合理性和可操作性。     

单因子水质标识指数评价方法在某流域水质评价中的应用

文章用单因子水质标识指数评价方法在某流域选择代表性断面进行了水质评价,分析结果表明某河流干流各主要断面化学需氧量、高锰酸盐指数、氨氮、总磷、总氮均存在不同程度的超标,其中化学需氧量、高锰酸盐指数超标严重,某河流水质有待改善。     

Sorption of tetracycline to sediments and soils: assessing the roles of pH, the presence of cadmium and properties of sediments and soils

Batch sorption experiments were conducted to evaluate the sorption behavior of tetracycline (TC, H₃L) on sediments and soils in the presence and absence of cadmium (Cd), as affected by pH and properties of sediments and soils. The results indicated stronger nonlinearity and higher capacity of TC sorption on sediments than on soils. Sorption of TC also strongly depended on environmental factors and sediment/soil properties. Lower pH facilitated TC sorption through a cation exchange mechanism, which also took place at pH values above 5.5, where TC existed as a zwitterion (H₂L⁰) or anions (HL⁻ and L²⁻). When pH was above 7, however, ligand-promoted dissolution of TC might occur due to TC weakening the Al-O bond of aluminum oxide and the Fe-O bond of iron oxide. Natural organic matter (NOM) plays a more important role in TC sorption than cation exchange capacity (CEC) and clay contents. The presence of Cd (II) increased TC sorption on both sediments and soils, which resulted from the decrease of equilibrium solution pH caused by Cd²⁺ exchange with H⁺ ions of sediment/soil surfaces. The increase of TC sorption was also related to the formation of TC-Cd complexes, where Cd²⁺ acted as a bridge between the sediment/soil and TC.     

A new Early Oligocene peradectine marsupial (Mammalia)from the Burqin region of Xinjiang,China

Tertiary marsupial records are very scarce in Asia. A new peradectine marsupial, Junggaroperadectes burqinensis gen. et sp. nov., is reported from the Early Oligocene Keziletuogayi Formation in the Burqin region, Xinjiang, China. This new species is based on a single right upper M2. The tooth possesses a straight centrocrista, a characteristic of peradectines. Its main cusps lean buccally, with the paracone being smaller and lower than the metacone. The conules and stylar cusps are weakly developed. These characters distinguish J. burqinensis from Euro-American Tertiary peradectines, but they also imply a close phylogenetic relationship to Siamoperadectes and Sinoperadectes, two Asian Early Miocene peradectines.     

Autotrophic denitrification for nitrate and nitrite removal using sulfur-limestone

In the study, both nitrate and nitrite could be removed effectively using sulfur-limestone, and the bacteria involved in sulfur-based denitrification for nitrate and nitrite removal were of the same species.     

牡丹江流域农业面源污染特征及防治对策研究

牡丹江流域农业面源污染的贡献值大于点源污染。农业面源污染的主要来源中,农田化肥的污染贡献最大,其次是畜禽粪便、生活污水、生活垃圾。区域污染贡献比例中,COD贡献值按大小顺序依次为宁安市、牡丹江市、林口县、海林市。NH3-N、TN、TP贡献值按大小顺序依次为宁安市、林口县、海林市、牡丹江市。结合牡丹江流域农业面源污染的构成特点和现存问题,提出切实可行的农业面源污染防治对策。